{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206007256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010150","title":"A Deep Learning-Based Generalized System for Detecting Pine Wilt Disease Using RGB-Based UAV Images","display_name":"A Deep Learning-Based Generalized System for Detecting Pine Wilt Disease Using RGB-Based UAV Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206007256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14010150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010150","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/150/pdf?version=1640866158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/150/pdf?version=1640866158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021721815","display_name":"Jie You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2595-7357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441978","display_name":"Ruirui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8928-4238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112851","display_name":"Cangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01de7qg49","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112851"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruirui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112851"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044837622","display_name":"Joonwhoan Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-9643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joonwhoan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044837622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.28,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87373327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"150","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wilt-disease","display_name":"Wilt disease","score":0.8170251846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.6980758309364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5060300230979919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48183977603912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43447747826576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.2672458589076996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.22374090552330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.21127966046333313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776678335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3281368","display_name":"Wilt disease","level":2,"score":0.8170251846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.6980758309364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5060300230979919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48183977603912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43447747826576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2672458589076996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.22374090552330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.21127966046333313}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14010150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010150","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/150/pdf?version=1640866158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:303f36c64c3047a8a0a381b5ead9aead","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/303f36c64c3047a8a0a381b5ead9aead","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 150 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/1/150/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 1; Pages: 150","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14010150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010150","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/150/pdf?version=1640866158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206007256.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206007256.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1912342123","https://openalex.org/W1991942463","https://openalex.org/W2001372989","https://openalex.org/W2063094472","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2591466624","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2743265017","https://openalex.org/W2766964035","https://openalex.org/W2791561615","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2948027403","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2963604034","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W3020960450","https://openalex.org/W3026381557","https://openalex.org/W3038941925","https://openalex.org/W3042069233","https://openalex.org/W3043099396","https://openalex.org/W3105177515","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3110414814","https://openalex.org/W3119001219","https://openalex.org/W3121264466","https://openalex.org/W3121566766","https://openalex.org/W3126306463","https://openalex.org/W3127743092","https://openalex.org/W3135138469","https://openalex.org/W3153962664","https://openalex.org/W3155230816","https://openalex.org/W3164385132","https://openalex.org/W3177251031","https://openalex.org/W6640062850","https://openalex.org/W6776197005","https://openalex.org/W6781177433","https://openalex.org/W6796383866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4387297750","https://openalex.org/W2191179271","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pine":[0],"wilt":[1,26,38,74,84],"is":[2,42],"a":[3,13,59,104,189,193,225],"devastating":[4],"disease":[5,39,75,85,96,120,162,269],"that":[6,32],"typically":[7],"kills":[8],"affected":[9],"pine":[10,25,37,73,83],"trees":[11],"within":[12],"few":[14],"months.":[15],"In":[16,28,80,246],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"we":[19,153,200,250],"confront":[20],"the":[21,29,51,92,95,109,119,124,128,143,146,150,161,197,202,208,221,243,247],"problem":[22],"of":[23,53,145,211,218,229,239,266],"detecting":[24],"disease.":[27],"image":[30,48,171],"samples":[31,100,133,217],"have":[33],"been":[34],"used":[35,154,169,201],"for":[36],"detection,":[40],"there":[41],"high":[43],"ambiguity":[44],"due":[45],"to":[46,127,141,159,174,206],"poor":[47],"resolution":[49],"and":[50,71,97,115,117,163,178,192,220,257,259],"presence":[52],"\u201cdisease-like\u201d":[54,164],"objects.":[55],"We":[56,168],"therefore":[57],"created":[58],"new":[60],"dataset":[61],"using":[62,103],"large-sized":[63],"orthophotographs":[64,253],"collected":[65,102,251],"from":[66,123],"32":[67],"cities,":[68],"167":[69],"regions,":[70],"6121":[72],"hotspots":[76],"in":[77,88,113,149,231,254],"South":[78],"Korea.":[79],"our":[81,212,260],"system,":[82],"was":[86,184],"detected":[87,263],"two":[89,187],"stages:":[90],"n":[91],"first":[93],"stage,":[94,130,152],"hard":[98,131,165],"negative":[99,132,166],"were":[101,134],"convolutional":[105],"neural":[106],"network.":[107],"Because":[108],"diseased":[110],"areas":[111],"varied":[112],"size":[114],"color,":[116],"as":[118],"manifests":[121],"differently":[122],"early":[125],"stage":[126],"late":[129],"further":[135],"categorized":[136],"into":[137,186],"six":[138],"different":[139],"classes":[140],"simplify":[142],"complexity":[144],"dataset.":[147],"Then,":[148],"second":[151],"an":[155,237],"object":[156],"detection":[157],"model":[158],"localize":[160],"samples.":[167],"several":[170],"augmentation":[172,204],"methods":[173],"boost":[175],"system":[176,213,261],"performance":[177],"avoid":[179],"overfitting.":[180],"The":[181],"test":[182,191],"process":[183],"divided":[185],"phases:":[188],"patch-based":[190,198],"real-world":[194,248],"test.":[195],"During":[196],"test,":[199,249],"test-time":[203],"method":[205],"obtain":[207],"average":[209,227],"prediction":[210,222],"across":[214],"multiple":[215],"augmented":[216],"data,":[219],"results":[223],"showed":[224],"mean":[226],"precision":[228],"89.44%":[230],"five-fold":[232],"cross":[233],"validation,":[234],"thus":[235],"representing":[236],"increase":[238],"around":[240],"5%":[241],"over":[242],"alternative":[244],"system.":[245],"10":[252],"various":[255],"resolutions":[256],"areas,":[258],"successfully":[262],"711":[264],"out":[265],"730":[267],"potential":[268],"spots.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2022-01-26T00:00:00"}