{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200599446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245041","title":"Evaluation of BDS-2 and BDS-3 Satellite Atomic Clock Products and Their Effects on Positioning","display_name":"Evaluation of BDS-2 and BDS-3 Satellite Atomic Clock Products and Their Effects on Positioning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200599446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13245041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245041","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/24/5041/pdf?version=1640051128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/24/5041/pdf?version=1640051128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004868931","display_name":"Shengfeng Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6004-5938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengfeng Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005036192","display_name":"Feiyu Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5109-3903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiyu Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039729483","display_name":"Xiaopeng Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-2500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045616921","display_name":"Yidong Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-5677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004060021","display_name":"Xueyong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6429-659X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017770710","display_name":"China North Industries Group Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwdhv97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Information Control Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211153, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Information Control Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211153, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074421239","display_name":"Ye Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017770710","display_name":"China North Industries Group Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwdhv97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Information Control Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211153, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Information Control Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211153, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039729483"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.74,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92785715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"24","first_page":"5041","last_page":"5041"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.7371256351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-maser","display_name":"Hydrogen maser","score":0.7235478162765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beidou-navigation-satellite-system","display_name":"BeiDou Navigation Satellite System","score":0.680334210395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6770712733268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.6548397541046143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5810980796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ephemeris","display_name":"Ephemeris","score":0.5736091136932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.5621961951255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5163534879684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5152152180671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4864504039287567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.46812453866004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.42502111196517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4171033799648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.38626256585121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37473103404045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.362727552652359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22748211026191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2084704041481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20023417472839355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.7371256351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781367475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440593","display_name":"Hydrogen maser","level":3,"score":0.7235478162765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777783341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857141","display_name":"BeiDou Navigation Satellite System","level":4,"score":0.680334210395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6770712733268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.6548397541046143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5810980796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64828349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120200","display_name":"Ephemeris","level":3,"score":0.5736091136932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.5621961951255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5163534879684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5152152180671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4864504039287567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.46812453866004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.42502111196517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4171033799648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38626256585121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37473103404045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.362727552652359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22748211026191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2084704041481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20023417472839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13245041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245041","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/24/5041/pdf?version=1640051128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92ffabfc08754fee9542109c360864ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92ffabfc08754fee9542109c360864ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 24, p 5041 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/24/5041/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 24; Pages: 5041","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13245041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245041","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/24/5041/pdf?version=1640051128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4490725695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6591092577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200599446.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200599446.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851352279","https://openalex.org/W1917116705","https://openalex.org/W1984917551","https://openalex.org/W2005577119","https://openalex.org/W2033831684","https://openalex.org/W2063085808","https://openalex.org/W2065210922","https://openalex.org/W2065486134","https://openalex.org/W2080463587","https://openalex.org/W2104356061","https://openalex.org/W2109348604","https://openalex.org/W2159012223","https://openalex.org/W2271349937","https://openalex.org/W2289024329","https://openalex.org/W2532371878","https://openalex.org/W2772536263","https://openalex.org/W2793731304","https://openalex.org/W2823245803","https://openalex.org/W2883778275","https://openalex.org/W2912185115","https://openalex.org/W2965006773","https://openalex.org/W2967053308","https://openalex.org/W2971894182","https://openalex.org/W2994248123","https://openalex.org/W2996335720","https://openalex.org/W3003263134","https://openalex.org/W3004823362","https://openalex.org/W3011581018","https://openalex.org/W3015035950","https://openalex.org/W3031992210","https://openalex.org/W3035466976","https://openalex.org/W3037602457","https://openalex.org/W3040921034","https://openalex.org/W3043696436","https://openalex.org/W3094256908","https://openalex.org/W3120334400","https://openalex.org/W3131005407","https://openalex.org/W3131007936","https://openalex.org/W3149308426","https://openalex.org/W3164421217","https://openalex.org/W3176620621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4291909681","https://openalex.org/W1973493860","https://openalex.org/W2191641864","https://openalex.org/W2156996876","https://openalex.org/W2392486111","https://openalex.org/W1588792402","https://openalex.org/W1966840619","https://openalex.org/W4295413293","https://openalex.org/W2625889682","https://openalex.org/W4220744854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,40,263],"BeiDou":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(BDS)":[5],"has":[6,181],"completed":[7],"third":[8],"phase":[9],"construction":[10],"and":[11,22,33,62,75,90,104,115,122,138,157,166,176,200,208,253],"currently":[12],"provides":[13],"global":[14],"services,":[15],"with":[16,31,146],"a":[17,182],"mixed":[18],"constellation":[19],"of":[20,42,47,50,59,73,85,96,129,148,224,265],"BDS-2":[21,74,112,156,175,207,252],"BDS-3.":[23],"newly":[25],"launched":[26],"BDS-3":[27,76,102,130,158,177,209,225,241,254],"satellites":[28],"are":[29,116,134,141,212],"equipped":[30],"rubidium":[32],"passive":[34],"hydrogen":[35],"maser":[36],"(PHM)":[37],"atomic":[38,43,77,226],"clocks.":[39,125],"performance":[41,58],"clocks":[44,106,211],"is":[45,159,232,267],"one":[46,83],"the":[48,57,71,94,127,143,151,172,204,221,228,248,258,272],"cores":[49],"satellite":[51,87,132,162,178,197,210],"navigation":[52,61],"system,":[53],"which":[54,140],"will":[55,255],"affect":[56,257],"positioning,":[60],"timing":[63],"(PNT).":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68],"systematically":[69],"analyze":[70],"characteristics":[72],"clocks,":[78],"based":[79,243],"on":[80,244],"more":[81],"than":[82,111,136,234],"year":[84],"precise":[86,167,260],"clock":[88,114,133,163,179,198],"products":[89,186,199],"broadcast":[91,131,201,245],"ephemeris.":[92,202,246],"Firstly,":[93],"results":[95],"overlapping":[97],"Allan":[98],"variations":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"that":[101,147,187],"Rb":[103,113,121],"PHM":[105,124],"improve":[107],"better":[108,135,233],"in":[109],"stability":[110,223],"comparable":[117],"to":[118,191,220],"GPS":[119,137],"IIF":[120],"Galileo":[123],"Accordingly,":[126],"STDs":[128],"BDS-2,":[139],"at":[142,237],"same":[144],"level":[145],"Galileo.":[149],"Secondly,":[150],"inter-system":[152],"bias":[153,250],"(ISB)":[154],"between":[155,174,185,206,251],"analyzed":[160],"by":[161],"datum":[164,180],"comparison":[165],"point":[168],"positioning":[169,230,266],"(PPP).":[170],"Surprisingly,":[171],"discrepancy":[173],"great":[183],"difference":[184],"could":[188],"reach":[189],"up":[190],"about":[192],"10":[193,238],"ns":[194],"for":[195,240],"WHU":[196],"Moreover,":[203],"ISBs":[205],"quite":[213],"stable":[214],"over":[215],"one-year":[216],"periods.":[217],"Thirdly,":[218],"due":[219],"improved":[222,269],"clock,":[227],"68%":[229],"accuracy":[231,264],"0.65":[235],"m":[236],"min":[239],"PPP,":[242],"Besides,":[247],"non-negligible":[249],"greatly":[256,268],"BDS":[259],"data":[261],"processing.":[262],"when":[270],"considering":[271],"ISB.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}