{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216228179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234819","title":"Integrating Sentinel-1/2 Data and Machine Learning to Map Cotton Fields in Northern Xinjiang, China","display_name":"Integrating Sentinel-1/2 Data and Machine Learning to Map Cotton Fields in Northern Xinjiang, China","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216228179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234819","mag":"3216228179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234819","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4819/pdf?version=1638244110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4819/pdf?version=1638244110","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101555544","display_name":"Tao Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-6411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058427780","display_name":"Yi\u2019na Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-7831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21945476","display_name":"Shanghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cxqmw89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21945476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yina Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21945476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102384171","display_name":"Jianquan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-172X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianquan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056278941","display_name":"Sijing Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sijing Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021653380","display_name":"Jian Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0332-0248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021653380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6861,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84053299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"23","first_page":"4819","last_page":"4819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12243","display_name":"Research in Cotton Cultivation","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6702009439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sowing","display_name":"Sowing","score":0.5869342088699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenology","display_name":"Phenology","score":0.5068586468696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4357847571372986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paddy-field","display_name":"Paddy field","score":0.42044854164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4194273352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4142982065677643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.41253572702407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.3381268382072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3371931314468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33077239990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.27087050676345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.16173279285430908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1546609103679657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6702009439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.5869342088699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51417038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272737","display_name":"Phenology","level":2,"score":0.5068586468696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4357847571372986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85582077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842623","display_name":"Paddy field","level":2,"score":0.42044854164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4194273352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4142982065677643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.41253572702407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3381268382072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3371931314468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33077239990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.27087050676345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.16173279285430908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1546609103679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234819","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4819/pdf?version=1638244110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5aec399cfae349b0abe2904261411213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5aec399cfae349b0abe2904261411213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 23, p 4819 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/23/4819/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 23; Pages: 4819","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234819","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4819/pdf?version=1638244110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466649759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7963283720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFA0604704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8340078520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216228179.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216228179.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250311148","https://openalex.org/W588320544","https://openalex.org/W1802207720","https://openalex.org/W1964262728","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1991861340","https://openalex.org/W1998281138","https://openalex.org/W2029332336","https://openalex.org/W2051833634","https://openalex.org/W2057442840","https://openalex.org/W2058723831","https://openalex.org/W2068094410","https://openalex.org/W2078660344","https://openalex.org/W2081519947","https://openalex.org/W2083577712","https://openalex.org/W2095028777","https://openalex.org/W2105058098","https://openalex.org/W2105510464","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2128438912","https://openalex.org/W2129084938","https://openalex.org/W2132424470","https://openalex.org/W2145862305","https://openalex.org/W2148063443","https://openalex.org/W2273708466","https://openalex.org/W2290326488","https://openalex.org/W2318784444","https://openalex.org/W2330780237","https://openalex.org/W2418853085","https://openalex.org/W2591129009","https://openalex.org/W2592712793","https://openalex.org/W2594796036","https://openalex.org/W2607245364","https://openalex.org/W2646105771","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2750585339","https://openalex.org/W2770654566","https://openalex.org/W2774175635","https://openalex.org/W2886106861","https://openalex.org/W2890248767","https://openalex.org/W2897322019","https://openalex.org/W2905254777","https://openalex.org/W2908975298","https://openalex.org/W2920254659","https://openalex.org/W2924239385","https://openalex.org/W2939118835","https://openalex.org/W2943472941","https://openalex.org/W2945933196","https://openalex.org/W2960002701","https://openalex.org/W2980627149","https://openalex.org/W2989723080","https://openalex.org/W3000309135","https://openalex.org/W3015252041","https://openalex.org/W3023058341","https://openalex.org/W3033448968","https://openalex.org/W3036106951","https://openalex.org/W3043490760","https://openalex.org/W3119404649","https://openalex.org/W3119957589","https://openalex.org/W3151208719","https://openalex.org/W3158849532","https://openalex.org/W6617404691","https://openalex.org/W6699953018","https://openalex.org/W6754534910","https://openalex.org/W6762939098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382423801","https://openalex.org/W2361404876","https://openalex.org/W2372348061","https://openalex.org/W2351979363","https://openalex.org/W3178516037","https://openalex.org/W2392295380","https://openalex.org/W2370438650","https://openalex.org/W3045348154","https://openalex.org/W2385623625","https://openalex.org/W2028911743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timely":[0],"and":[1,12,21,29,36,64,98,106,126,147,160,171,185,196],"accurate":[2],"information":[3],"of":[4,80,101,168,198],"cotton":[5,14,27,51,71,90,124,128,157,187,199],"planting":[6,91],"areas":[7],"is":[8,18,162,191],"essential":[9],"for":[10,25,49,57,74,85,122,156,165,183,193],"monitoring":[11,195],"managing":[13],"fields.":[15],"However,":[16],"there":[17,161],"no":[19],"large-scale":[20],"high-resolution":[22,184],"method":[23],"suitable":[24],"mapping":[26,50,123],"fields,":[28],"the":[30,65,102,113,118,127,135,148,166],"problems":[31],"associated":[32],"with":[33],"low":[34],"resolution":[35,79],"poor":[37],"timeliness":[38],"need":[39],"to":[40],"be":[41],"solved.":[42],"Here,":[43],"we":[44],"proposed":[45],"a":[46,77,88],"new":[47],"framework":[48],"fields":[52,125,129],"based":[53],"on":[54],"Sentinel-1/2":[55],"data":[56],"different":[58],"phenological":[59,120],"periods,":[60],"random":[61],"forest":[62],"classifiers,":[63],"multi-scale":[66],"image":[67],"segmentation":[68],"method.":[69],"A":[70],"field":[72,158,188],"map":[73,103],"2019":[75],"at":[76,134],"spatial":[78],"10":[81],"m":[82],"was":[83,117,130],"generated":[84],"northern":[86],"Xinjiang,":[87],"dominant":[89],"region":[92],"in":[93,152,174],"China.":[94],"The":[95,109],"overall":[96],"accuracy":[97],"kappa":[99],"coefficient":[100],"were":[104],"0.932":[105],"0.813,":[107],"respectively.":[108],"results":[110],"showed":[111],"that":[112],"boll":[114,137],"opening":[115,138],"stage":[116],"best":[119],"phase":[121],"identified":[131],"most":[132],"accurately":[133],"early":[136],"stage,":[139],"about":[140],"40":[141],"days":[142],"before":[143],"harvest.":[144],"Additionally,":[145],"Sentinel-1":[146],"red":[149],"edge":[150],"bands":[151],"Sentinel-2":[153],"are":[154],"important":[155],"mapping,":[159,189],"great":[163],"potential":[164],"fusion":[167],"optical":[169],"images":[170,173],"microwave":[172],"crop":[175],"mapping.":[176],"This":[177],"study":[178],"provides":[179],"an":[180],"effective":[181],"approach":[182],"high-accuracy":[186],"which":[190],"vital":[192],"sustainable":[194],"management":[197],"planting.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}