{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215003842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763","title":"Forest Structural Estimates Derived Using a Practical, Open-Source Lidar-Processing Workflow","display_name":"Forest Structural Estimates Derived Using a Practical, Open-Source Lidar-Processing Workflow","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215003842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763","mag":"3215003842"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4763/pdf?version=1637759389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4763/pdf?version=1637759389","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062006747","display_name":"Joseph St. Peter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0129-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8248082","display_name":"Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4wc133","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph St. Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079347999","display_name":"Jason Drake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4874-3108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8248082","display_name":"Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4wc133","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Drake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA","U.S. Forest Service, National Forests in Florida, Tallahassee, FL 32303, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Forest Service, National Forests in Florida, Tallahassee, FL 32303, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027567443","display_name":"Paul Medley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8248082","display_name":"Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4wc133","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Medley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA","U.S. Forest Service, National Forests in Florida, Tallahassee, FL 32303, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Forest Service, National Forests in Florida, Tallahassee, FL 32303, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010379512","display_name":"Victor Ibeanusi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8248082","display_name":"Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4wc133","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Ibeanusi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Ecology and Restoration, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062006747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8248082"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0971,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74409608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"23","first_page":"4763","last_page":"4763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.959415853023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6642158031463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5900303721427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-area","display_name":"Basal area","score":0.47234833240509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4688602089881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.43285033106803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.41979846358299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.38574475049972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.20485377311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16643980145454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1451987624168396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.959415853023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6642158031463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5900303721427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91354502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830384","display_name":"Basal area","level":2,"score":0.47234833240509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4688602089881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.43285033106803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.41979846358299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38574475049972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.20485377311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16643980145454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1451987624168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4763/pdf?version=1637759389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22b5f8de0e8a46e59b30bcf012b0654c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22b5f8de0e8a46e59b30bcf012b0654c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 23, p 4763 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/23/4763/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 23; Pages: 4763","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4763/pdf?version=1637759389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7163481259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17-IA-11083150-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314089","funder_display_name":"Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7674315537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17-IA-11083150-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314089","display_name":"Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","display_name":"U.S. Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215003842.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215003842.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028901390","https://openalex.org/W2032413422","https://openalex.org/W2140175581","https://openalex.org/W2142635246","https://openalex.org/W2158669261","https://openalex.org/W2266591399","https://openalex.org/W2333389735","https://openalex.org/W2482464033","https://openalex.org/W2494852503","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2614112366","https://openalex.org/W2736100037","https://openalex.org/W2736195163","https://openalex.org/W2793968503","https://openalex.org/W2808997086","https://openalex.org/W2909816655","https://openalex.org/W2965151408","https://openalex.org/W2966590113","https://openalex.org/W3010920006","https://openalex.org/W3014860477","https://openalex.org/W3015798368","https://openalex.org/W3023383448","https://openalex.org/W3088067371","https://openalex.org/W3088507381","https://openalex.org/W3102445472","https://openalex.org/W3173175377","https://openalex.org/W3199488171","https://openalex.org/W4205816165","https://openalex.org/W4236898369","https://openalex.org/W4240501337","https://openalex.org/W4399532349","https://openalex.org/W6750003112","https://openalex.org/W6868465802","https://openalex.org/W6869892683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015378821","https://openalex.org/W2475090620","https://openalex.org/W4236226448","https://openalex.org/W2050244252","https://openalex.org/W2955157021","https://openalex.org/W164631753","https://openalex.org/W2537499819","https://openalex.org/W2109791390","https://openalex.org/W4313558313","https://openalex.org/W2975523929"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lidar":[0],"data":[1,68,87,209],"is":[2],"increasingly":[3],"available":[4],"over":[5,187],"large":[6,205],"spatial":[7],"extents":[8],"and":[9,32,55,76,95,110,112,129,159,193],"can":[10],"also":[11],"be":[12],"combined":[13,80],"with":[14,84,103],"satellite":[15],"imagery":[16,108,114,123],"to":[17,61,88,203],"provide":[18],"detailed":[19],"vegetation":[20],"structural":[21],"metrics.":[22,78,143],"To":[23],"fully":[24],"realize":[25],"the":[26,43,141,147,163,170,201],"benefits":[27],"of":[28,65,140,150,165,207],"lidar":[29,67,82,111,119,136,145,158,208],"data,":[30],"practical":[31],"scalable":[33,182],"processing":[34],"workflows":[35],"are":[36],"needed.":[37],"In":[38,173],"this":[39,175,197],"study,":[40],"we":[41],"used":[42,195],"lidR":[44],"R":[45],"software":[46],"package,":[47],"a":[48,56,180],"custom":[49],"forest":[50,167,212],"metrics":[51,214],"function":[52],"in":[53,138,156,169,215],"R,":[54],"distributed":[57],"cloud":[58],"computing":[59],"environment":[60],"process":[62,204],"11":[63],"TB":[64],"airborne":[66],"covering":[69],"~22,900":[70],"km2":[71],"into":[72,210],"28":[73],"height,":[74],"cover,":[75],"density":[77,149],"We":[79,99,116],"these":[81],"outputs":[83],"field":[85],"plot":[86],"model":[89],"basal":[90],"area,":[91],"trees":[92],"per":[93],"acre,":[94],"quadratic":[96],"mean":[97],"diameter.":[98],"compared":[100],"lidar-only":[101],"models":[102,104,120,124,131,137],"informed":[105],"by":[106],"spectral":[107,113,122],"only,":[109],"together.":[115],"found":[117],"that":[118],"outperformed":[121],"for":[125,184,196],"all":[126,157],"three":[127,142],"metrics,":[128],"combination":[130,160],"performed":[132],"slightly":[133],"better":[134],"than":[135],"two":[139],"One":[144],"variable,":[146],"relative":[148],"low":[151],"midstory":[152,166],"canopy,":[153],"was":[154],"selected":[155],"models,":[161],"demonstrating":[162],"importance":[164],"structure":[168,186,213],"study":[171,198],"area.":[172],"general,":[174],"open-source":[176],"lidar-processing":[177],"workflow":[178],"provides":[179],"practical,":[181],"option":[183],"estimating":[185],"large,":[188],"forested":[189],"landscapes.":[190],"The":[191],"methodology":[192],"systems":[194],"offered":[199],"us":[200],"capability":[202],"quantities":[206],"useful":[211],"compressed":[216],"timeframes.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}