{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212275013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224620","title":"Lifting of International Sanctions and the Shadow Economy in Iran\u2014A View from Outer Space","display_name":"Lifting of International Sanctions and the Shadow Economy in Iran\u2014A View from Outer Space","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212275013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224620","mag":"3212275013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4620/pdf?version=1637128076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4620/pdf?version=1637128076","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042231194","display_name":"Mohammad Reza Farzanegan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-3645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Reza Farzanegan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economics of the Middle East Research Group, Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies (CNMS), School of Business and Economics, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics of the Middle East Research Group, Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies (CNMS), School of Business and Economics, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091358652","display_name":"Sven Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0065-4306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economics of the Middle East Research Group, Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies (CNMS), School of Business and Economics, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics of the Middle East Research Group, Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies (CNMS), School of Business and Economics, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042231194"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1287,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1388},"fwci":2.99,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92845048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"22","first_page":"4620","last_page":"4620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11257","display_name":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9620000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11257","display_name":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9620000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanctions","display_name":"Sanctions","score":0.893231987953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.8365405797958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economy","display_name":"Economy","score":0.5517714023590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.5244962573051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-domestic-product","display_name":"Gross domestic product","score":0.5118200182914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-sector","display_name":"Informal sector","score":0.4517466723918915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.42187556624412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.25543200969696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomics","display_name":"Macroeconomics","score":0.14567121863365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.13544753193855286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07569074630737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07438141107559204}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.893231987953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8365405797958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.5517714023590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5244962573051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.5118200182914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64089585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944235","display_name":"Informal sector","level":2,"score":0.4517466723918915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42187556624412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.25543200969696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.14567121863365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13544753193855286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07569074630737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07438141107559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4620/pdf?version=1637128076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b37be8a86ba475ca3ad1d36f0e5b8a0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b37be8a86ba475ca3ad1d36f0e5b8a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 22, p 4620 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/22/4620/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 22; Pages: 4620","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4620/pdf?version=1637128076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212275013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212275013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572593861","https://openalex.org/W1615880756","https://openalex.org/W1964379978","https://openalex.org/W1966695920","https://openalex.org/W1975642551","https://openalex.org/W1982735913","https://openalex.org/W2001075407","https://openalex.org/W2027404785","https://openalex.org/W2031626068","https://openalex.org/W2032119048","https://openalex.org/W2042518429","https://openalex.org/W2042611667","https://openalex.org/W2062415757","https://openalex.org/W2081298147","https://openalex.org/W2084580964","https://openalex.org/W2088453947","https://openalex.org/W2089134580","https://openalex.org/W2102056697","https://openalex.org/W2105244019","https://openalex.org/W2118754311","https://openalex.org/W2124795679","https://openalex.org/W2143830832","https://openalex.org/W2146585403","https://openalex.org/W2158039118","https://openalex.org/W2170353571","https://openalex.org/W2211981894","https://openalex.org/W2247518384","https://openalex.org/W2346616361","https://openalex.org/W2417517957","https://openalex.org/W2563496894","https://openalex.org/W2622662679","https://openalex.org/W2649137640","https://openalex.org/W2809530566","https://openalex.org/W2885157535","https://openalex.org/W2898070142","https://openalex.org/W2909435695","https://openalex.org/W2946889185","https://openalex.org/W2992769503","https://openalex.org/W2995150424","https://openalex.org/W3003586428","https://openalex.org/W3011788825","https://openalex.org/W3033973892","https://openalex.org/W3101291870","https://openalex.org/W3117330033","https://openalex.org/W3123191148","https://openalex.org/W3123282155","https://openalex.org/W3123914045","https://openalex.org/W3125786740","https://openalex.org/W3134217460","https://openalex.org/W3157689174","https://openalex.org/W3169144343","https://openalex.org/W3175351692","https://openalex.org/W3194557581","https://openalex.org/W3199443503","https://openalex.org/W4213102309","https://openalex.org/W4238254656","https://openalex.org/W4238611415","https://openalex.org/W4240447578","https://openalex.org/W4241619697","https://openalex.org/W6672873731","https://openalex.org/W6675842069","https://openalex.org/W6678774374","https://openalex.org/W6691198788","https://openalex.org/W6789575098","https://openalex.org/W6794327517","https://openalex.org/W7056481398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W225853455","https://openalex.org/W2619400965","https://openalex.org/W4206012256","https://openalex.org/W1488399761","https://openalex.org/W2629285286","https://openalex.org/W2474662549","https://openalex.org/W3181424549","https://openalex.org/W3212275013","https://openalex.org/W2810516052","https://openalex.org/W2787133842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,28,34,43,50,61,74,79,98,124,127,132,135,149],"implementation":[2],"of":[3,8,106,129,134,151,158],"Joint":[5],"Comprehensive":[6],"Plan":[7],"Action":[9],"(JCPOA)":[10],"in":[11,23,27,33,97,144],"2016,":[12],"Iran":[13],"experienced":[14],"a":[15,70,104],"short":[16],"period":[17],"without":[18],"international":[19],"sanctions":[20,57,130,152],"which":[21],"resulted":[22],"an":[24,142],"annual":[25],"increase":[26,143],"gross":[29],"domestic":[30],"product":[31],"(GDP)":[32],"following":[35],"two":[36],"years.":[37],"However,":[38],"it":[39],"was":[40,47],"not":[41,95],"just":[42],"formal":[44,80],"economy":[45,65,76,91,146],"that":[46,56,93],"affected":[48],"by":[49],"sanctions.":[51],"Previous":[52],"studies":[53],"have":[54,69],"shown":[55],"can":[58],"negatively":[59],"affect":[60],"shadow":[62,90,136,145],"(or":[63],"informal)":[64],"and":[66,110,131],"may":[67],"even":[68],"larger":[71],"impact":[72],"on":[73,78],"informal":[75,159],"than":[77],"economy.":[81,137],"Nighttime":[82],"lights":[83],"(NTL)":[84],"data":[85],"allow":[86],"us":[87],"to":[88,116,122],"study":[89,102],"activities":[92],"are":[94],"reported":[96],"official":[99],"GDP.":[100],"This":[101],"uses":[103],"panel":[105],"NTL":[107],"(the":[108],"DMSP/OLS":[109],"VIIRS/DNB":[111],"harmonized":[112],"dataset)":[113],"from":[114],"1992":[115],"2018":[117],"for":[118,155],"31":[119],"Iranian":[120],"provinces":[121],"investigate":[123],"association":[125],"between":[126],"lifting":[128,150],"growth":[133],"The":[138],"empirical":[139],"results":[140],"suggest":[141],"activity":[147],"with":[148],"while":[153],"controlling":[154],"other":[156],"drivers":[157],"activities.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}
