{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214209183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224618","title":"LLFE: A Novel Learning Local Features Extraction for UAV Navigation Based on Infrared Aerial Image and Satellite Reference Image Matching","display_name":"LLFE: A Novel Learning Local Features Extraction for UAV Navigation Based on Infrared Aerial Image and Satellite Reference Image Matching","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214209183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224618","mag":"3214209183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224618","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4618/pdf?version=1637236261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4618/pdf?version=1637236261","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070631948","display_name":"Xupei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-6306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xupei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100302508","display_name":"Zhanzhuang He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanzhuang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011888094","display_name":"Zhong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9146-7877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079295187","display_name":"Zhongxi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongxi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335942","display_name":"Li Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-350X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi'an 710065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011888094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":11.3739,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9776006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"22","first_page":"4618","last_page":"4618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8312790989875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7864380478858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6720353960990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.5845639109611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5179478526115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4760030210018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4486187696456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4421641230583191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.40786558389663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40376338362693787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8312790989875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7864380478858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6720353960990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.5845639109611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5179478526115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4760030210018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4486187696456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4421641230583191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40786558389663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40376338362693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224618","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4618/pdf?version=1637236261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a770f329f4e646028c6698ea8a5d237d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a770f329f4e646028c6698ea8a5d237d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 22, p 4618 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/22/4618/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 22; Pages: 4618","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224618","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4618/pdf?version=1637236261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327471","display_name":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214209183.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214209183.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1869500417","https://openalex.org/W1929856797","https://openalex.org/W1990654150","https://openalex.org/W2007178811","https://openalex.org/W2025205432","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2108862644","https://openalex.org/W2114147217","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2143331230","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2167822998","https://openalex.org/W2320444803","https://openalex.org/W2410613348","https://openalex.org/W2468801144","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2556970001","https://openalex.org/W2606817470","https://openalex.org/W2730952500","https://openalex.org/W2737260104","https://openalex.org/W2756523860","https://openalex.org/W2765295284","https://openalex.org/W2782970864","https://openalex.org/W2798971533","https://openalex.org/W2920780821","https://openalex.org/W2953271441","https://openalex.org/W2963284197","https://openalex.org/W2963760790","https://openalex.org/W2964157791","https://openalex.org/W2979458572","https://openalex.org/W2990519439","https://openalex.org/W3012166803","https://openalex.org/W3014171684","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W3047057232","https://openalex.org/W3092494874","https://openalex.org/W3111994125","https://openalex.org/W3122138086","https://openalex.org/W3155338920","https://openalex.org/W4251147723","https://openalex.org/W4251502937","https://openalex.org/W6747672186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989735375","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2034727732","https://openalex.org/W2050609384","https://openalex.org/W2127305659","https://openalex.org/W1992574978","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2054964223","https://openalex.org/W2811106690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Local":[0],"features":[1,101,107,117,141,197],"extraction":[2,102],"is":[3,43,189],"a":[4,25,29,44,97,131,152],"crucial":[5],"technology":[6],"for":[7,198,232,269],"image":[8,27,31,51,69,123,168,171,237],"matching":[9],"navigation":[10,271],"of":[11,38,80,87,151,181,221],"an":[12,67,185],"unmanned":[13],"aerial":[14,234],"vehicle":[15],"(UAV),":[16],"where":[17],"it":[18,42],"aims":[19],"to":[20,32,48,57,113,164,177,191,216,253],"accurately":[21],"and":[22,28,70,77,124,142,158,169,210,238,250,265,272],"robustly":[23],"match":[24,165],"real-time":[26,125,170],"geo-referenced":[30],"obtain":[33],"the":[34,39,49,62,75,85,115,119,149,166,182,194,202,204,211,219,226,254,258],"position":[35],"update":[36],"information":[37],"UAV.":[40],"However,":[41],"challenging":[45],"task":[46],"due":[47],"inconsistent":[50],"capture":[52],"conditions,":[53],"which":[54,104,242],"will":[55],"lead":[56],"extreme":[58,173],"appearance":[59,174],"changes,":[60],"especially":[61],"different":[63],"imaging":[64],"principle":[65],"between":[66],"infrared":[68,126,233],"RGB":[71,121],"image.":[72,127],"In":[73],"addition,":[74],"sparsity":[76],"labeling":[78],"complexity":[79],"existing":[81],"public":[82],"datasets":[83],"hinder":[84],"development":[86],"learning-based":[88],"methods":[89],"in":[90,247],"this":[91],"research":[92],"area.":[93],"This":[94,146],"paper":[95],"proposes":[96],"novel":[98],"learning":[99],"local":[100,106,140,155,161],"method,":[103],"uses":[105],"extracted":[108],"by":[109],"deep":[110],"neural":[111,134],"network":[112,135,147],"find":[114],"correspondence":[116],"on":[118,267],"satellite":[120,239],"reference":[122,167,240],"First,":[128],"we":[129],"propose":[130],"single":[132],"convolution":[133],"that":[136],"simultaneously":[137],"extracts":[138],"dense":[139,205],"their":[143],"corresponding":[144,196],"descriptors.":[145],"combines":[148],"advantages":[150],"high":[153,159],"repeatability":[154],"feature":[156,162],"detector":[157],"reliability":[160],"descriptors":[163],"with":[172],"changes.":[175],"Second,":[176],"make":[178],"full":[179],"use":[180],"sparse":[183],"dataset,":[184],"iterative":[186],"training":[187],"scheme":[188],"proposed":[190,227],"automatically":[192,208],"generate":[193],"high-quality":[195],"algorithm":[199],"training.":[200],"During":[201],"scheme,":[203],"correspondences":[206],"are":[207,214],"extracted,":[209],"geometric":[212],"constraints":[213],"added":[215],"continuously":[217],"improve":[218],"quality":[220],"them.":[222],"With":[223],"these":[224],"improvements,":[225],"method":[228],"achieves":[229],"state-of-the-art":[230],"performance":[231,245],"(UAV":[235],"captured)":[236],"image,":[241],"shows":[243],"4\u20136%":[244],"improvements":[246],"precision,":[248],"recall,":[249],"F1-score,":[251],"compared":[252],"other":[255],"methods.":[256],"Moreover,":[257],"applied":[259],"experiment":[260],"results":[261],"show":[262],"its":[263],"potential":[264],"effectiveness":[266],"localization":[268],"UAVs":[270],"trajectory":[273],"reconstruction":[274],"application.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}