{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211974415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224571","title":"Application of a Convolutional Neural Network for the Detection of Sea Ice Leads","display_name":"Application of a Convolutional Neural Network for the Detection of Sea Ice Leads","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211974415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224571","mag":"3211974415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224571","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4571/pdf?version=1636800249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4571/pdf?version=1636800249","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066275166","display_name":"Jay P. Hoffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1127-6294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166037","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites","ror":"https://ror.org/05nc0nk71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166037"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jay P. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166037","https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018502490","display_name":"Steven A. Ackerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4476-0269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166037","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites","ror":"https://ror.org/05nc0nk71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166037"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven A. Ackerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166037","https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684123","display_name":"Yinghui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4648-2722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064564620","display_name":"Jeffrey R. Key","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey R. Key","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091508243","display_name":"Iain McConnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9982-7088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain L. McConnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066275166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074","https://openalex.org/I4210166037"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94269811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"22","first_page":"4571","last_page":"4571"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10995","display_name":"Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-infrared-imaging-radiometer-suite","display_name":"Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite","score":0.7032209634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.6993827819824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6181987524032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5790573358535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5776512622833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderate-resolution-imaging-spectroradiometer","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","score":0.5258883833885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.5170960426330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.47911977767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.46139001846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3892592489719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3651139736175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.35428470373153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.34410417079925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24741339683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.17394647002220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07762718200683594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16948273","display_name":"Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite","level":3,"score":0.7032209634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.6993827819824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6181987524032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5790573358535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5776512622833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777007095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676840","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.5258883833885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5170960426330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47911977767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.46139001846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3892592489719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3651139736175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.35428470373153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34410417079925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24741339683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.17394647002220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07762718200683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224571","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4571/pdf?version=1636800249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:274f2cebf4bd43319714c2b2b21f6e83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/274f2cebf4bd43319714c2b2b21f6e83","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 22, p 4571 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/22/4571/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 22; Pages: 4571","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:69656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/69656","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 13(22), 4571","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224571","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4571/pdf?version=1636800249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G635492766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8185589291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211974415.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211974415.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1970179644","https://openalex.org/W1972365410","https://openalex.org/W2004554085","https://openalex.org/W2021898935","https://openalex.org/W2060100294","https://openalex.org/W2110711142","https://openalex.org/W2120207827","https://openalex.org/W2139045280","https://openalex.org/W2221103923","https://openalex.org/W2327943534","https://openalex.org/W2794004337","https://openalex.org/W2916228613","https://openalex.org/W2920427613","https://openalex.org/W3034768790","https://openalex.org/W3036093233","https://openalex.org/W3048467243","https://openalex.org/W3091915779","https://openalex.org/W3131886954","https://openalex.org/W3147886766","https://openalex.org/W3207695734","https://openalex.org/W4254381827","https://openalex.org/W6892172681","https://openalex.org/W6910842600","https://openalex.org/W6910944126","https://openalex.org/W6910962858","https://openalex.org/W6929654002","https://openalex.org/W6948316992","https://openalex.org/W6948409085","https://openalex.org/W6948683946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036912241","https://openalex.org/W3107349184","https://openalex.org/W3120304345","https://openalex.org/W2607083411","https://openalex.org/W4401703849","https://openalex.org/W2789322733","https://openalex.org/W2894113199","https://openalex.org/W2130837422","https://openalex.org/W2155460368","https://openalex.org/W3094474419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"accounting":[1],"for":[2],"a":[3,23,104,111,114,131],"small":[4],"fraction":[5],"of":[6,38,107,116,141],"the":[7,11,27,31,36,42,47,57,86,93,127,139,145,148],"surface":[8],"area":[9],"in":[10,26,41,60],"Arctic,":[12],"long":[13],"and":[14,33,92,163],"narrow":[15],"sea":[16,39,61,76],"ice":[17,40,62,77],"fractures,":[18],"known":[19],"as":[20],"\u201cleads\u201d,":[21],"play":[22],"critical":[24],"role":[25],"energy":[28],"flux":[29],"between":[30,166],"ocean":[32],"atmosphere.":[34],"As":[35],"volume":[37],"Arctic":[43],"has":[44,67,130],"declined":[45],"over":[46],"past":[48],"few":[49],"decades,":[50],"it":[51],"is":[52],"increasingly":[53],"important":[54],"to":[55,74,144],"monitor":[56],"corresponding":[58],"changes":[59],"leads.":[63],"A":[64],"novel":[65],"approach":[66,129],"been":[68],"developed":[69],"using":[70,79],"artificial":[71],"intelligence":[72],"(AI)":[73],"detect":[75],"leads":[78],"satellite":[80,167],"thermal":[81],"infrared":[82],"window":[83],"data":[84],"from":[85,121],"Moderate":[87],"Resolution":[88],"Imaging":[89,96],"Spectroradiometer":[90],"(MODIS)":[91],"Visible":[94],"Infrared":[95],"Radiometer":[97],"Suite":[98],"(VIIRS).":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"new":[102,128,149],"approach,":[103],"particular":[105],"type":[106],"convolutional":[108],"neural":[109],"network,":[110],"U-Net,":[112],"replaces":[113],"series":[115],"conventional":[117],"image":[118],"processing":[119],"tests":[120],"our":[122],"legacy":[123,146],"algorithm.":[124],"Results":[125],"show":[126],"high":[132],"detection":[133],"accuracy":[134],"with":[135,153],"F1":[136],"Scores":[137],"on":[138],"order":[140],"0.7.":[142],"Compared":[143],"algorithm,":[147],"algorithm":[150],"shows":[151],"improvement,":[152],"more":[154],"true":[155],"positives,":[156,159],"fewer":[157,160],"false":[158,161],"negatives,":[162],"better":[164],"agreement":[165],"instruments.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}