{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213736667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559","title":"A Neural Network-Based TEC Model Capable of Reproducing Nighttime Winter Anomaly","display_name":"A Neural Network-Based TEC Model Capable of Reproducing Nighttime Winter Anomaly","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213736667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559","mag":"3213736667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4559/pdf?version=1637052024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4559/pdf?version=1637052024","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086781711","display_name":"Marjolijn Adolfs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1413-7170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marjolijn Adolfs","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045434933","display_name":"Mainul Hoque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-4901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Mainul Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086781711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1839,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1983},"fwci":2.2642,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87459015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"22","first_page":"4559","last_page":"4559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.8749076128005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitude","display_name":"Longitude","score":0.6233159303665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5889867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-time","display_name":"Universal Time","score":0.5628089904785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-reference-ionosphere","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","score":0.5604041814804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-zenith-angle","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","score":0.5577945113182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.537094235420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.5072910189628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-hemisphere","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","score":0.5040423274040222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.44635164737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-coordinate-system","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","score":0.4460250437259674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.4305903911590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.3926290273666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.3906608521938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.2540035843849182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22903451323509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.139778733253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.11342066526412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.08656665682792664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.8749076128005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36477","display_name":"Longitude","level":3,"score":0.6233159303665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5889867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84853838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874572","display_name":"Universal Time","level":2,"score":0.5628089904785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777966019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666845","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","level":5,"score":0.5604041814804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776573159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556691","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","level":2,"score":0.5577945113182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.537094235420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.5072910189628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.5040423274040222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.44635164737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123046963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22664","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.4460250437259674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.4305903911590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3926290273666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.3906608521938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.2540035843849182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22903451323509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.139778733253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.11342066526412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.08656665682792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4559/pdf?version=1637052024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:145701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cd74ab2b27346bc87f6cab41dbf5435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cd74ab2b27346bc87f6cab41dbf5435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 22, p 4559 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/22/4559/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 22; Pages: 4559","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13224559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224559","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4559/pdf?version=1637052024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3213736667.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3213736667.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538176583","https://openalex.org/W1587976434","https://openalex.org/W1997488673","https://openalex.org/W2038641920","https://openalex.org/W2042644190","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2099464814","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2148212327","https://openalex.org/W2170857406","https://openalex.org/W2613994676","https://openalex.org/W2625809609","https://openalex.org/W2766932813","https://openalex.org/W2794707335","https://openalex.org/W2884260443","https://openalex.org/W2901229001","https://openalex.org/W2916571471","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2920947047","https://openalex.org/W3009289413","https://openalex.org/W3023044078","https://openalex.org/W3113790059","https://openalex.org/W3138125819","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6696412943","https://openalex.org/W6748204163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967487030","https://openalex.org/W2968636060","https://openalex.org/W4366495655","https://openalex.org/W2047802696","https://openalex.org/W3081990870","https://openalex.org/W2091694894","https://openalex.org/W936749771","https://openalex.org/W2029395865","https://openalex.org/W2790581040","https://openalex.org/W2003112503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,20,32,51,55,60,64,73,75,85,90,113,139,143,154,174,182,205,213,218,227,232,235,243,251],"availability":[2],"of":[3,12,22,120,184,234],"fast":[4],"computing":[5],"machines,":[6],"as":[7,9,138],"well":[8],"advancement":[11],"machine":[13],"learning":[14],"techniques":[15],"and":[16,37,42,58,131,157,164,186,192],"Big":[17],"Data":[18],"algorithms,":[19],"development":[21],"a":[23,98],"more":[24],"sophisticated":[25],"total":[26],"electron":[27],"content":[28],"(TEC)":[29],"model":[30,104,146,198,216,229,245],"featuring":[31],"Nighttime":[33],"Winter":[34],"Anomaly":[35],"(NWA)":[36],"other":[38],"effects":[39],"is":[40,43,48,79,97],"possible":[41],"presented":[44],"here.":[45],"The":[46,93,118,145],"NWA":[47,236],"visible":[49],"in":[50,59,84,181,250],"Northern":[52],"Hemisphere":[53,62],"for":[54,63,142],"American":[56],"sector":[57,67],"Southern":[61],"Asian":[65],"longitude":[66],"under":[68],"solar":[69,116,128,132,161,166,240],"minimum":[70],"conditions.":[71,169],"During":[72],"NWA,":[74],"mean":[76,176],"ionization":[77],"level":[78],"found":[80,211],"to":[81,89],"be":[82],"higher":[83],"winter":[86],"nights":[87],"compared":[88,201],"summer":[91],"nights.":[92],"approach":[94],"proposed":[95],"here":[96],"fully":[99],"connected":[100],"neural":[101,214],"network":[102,215],"(NN)":[103],"trained":[105],"with":[106,149,202],"Global":[107],"Ionosphere":[108],"Maps":[109],"(GIMs)":[110],"data":[111],"from":[112,153],"last":[114],"two":[115],"cycles.":[117],"day":[119],"year,":[121],"universal":[122],"time,":[123],"geographic":[124],"longitude,":[125],"geomagnetic":[126],"latitude,":[127],"zenith":[129],"angle,":[130],"activity":[133,162,167],"proxy,":[134],"F10.7,":[135],"were":[136,200],"used":[137],"input":[140],"parameters":[141],"model.":[144],"was":[147],"tested":[148],"independent":[150],"TEC":[151,188,207,223,252],"datasets":[152],"years":[155],"2015":[156],"2020,":[158],"representing":[159],"high":[160],"(HSA)":[163],"low":[165,239],"(LSA)":[168],"Our":[170],"investigation":[171],"shows":[172],"that":[173,212],"root":[175],"squared":[177],"(RMS)":[178],"deviations":[179],"are":[180],"order":[183],"6":[185],"2.5":[187],"units":[189],"during":[190,238],"HSA":[191],"LSA":[193],"period,":[194],"respectively.":[195],"Additionally,":[196],"NN":[197,228],"results":[199],"another":[203],"model,":[204],"Neustrelitz":[206],"Model":[208],"(NTCM).":[209],"We":[210],"outperformed":[217],"NTCM":[219,244],"by":[220],"approximately":[221],"1":[222],"unit.":[224],"More":[225],"importantly,":[226],"can":[230],"reproduce":[231,247],"evolution":[233],"effect":[237,249],"activity,":[241],"whereas":[242],"cannot":[246],"such":[248],"variation.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}
