{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210536733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214445","title":"Detection of Outliers in LiDAR Data Acquired by Multiple Platforms over Sorghum and Maize","display_name":"Detection of Outliers in LiDAR Data Acquired by Multiple Platforms over Sorghum and Maize","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210536733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214445","mag":"3210536733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214445","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4445/pdf?version=1636041659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4445/pdf?version=1636041659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005183423","display_name":"Behrokh Nazeri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Behrokh Nazeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002083374","display_name":"Melba M. Crawford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melba Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA","Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005183423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2743,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53149275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"21","first_page":"4445","last_page":"4445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.8230066299438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.818211555480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7545527219772339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6116740107536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.593023419380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.507839024066925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4334554076194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15525522828102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.0769968330860138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.8230066299438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.818211555480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7545527219772339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6116740107536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.593023419380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.507839024066925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4334554076194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15525522828102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0769968330860138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214445","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4445/pdf?version=1636041659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7f77a6e54344f13aa1b7b9960399d70","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7f77a6e54344f13aa1b7b9960399d70","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 21, p 4445 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/21/4445/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 21; Pages: 4445","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1829123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1829123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1981178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1981178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214445","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4445/pdf?version=1636041659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.75,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1065316766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Award","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2782353421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(ARPA-E)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G494385631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000593","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998192501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000593","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03q1rgc19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210536733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210536733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612661449","https://openalex.org/W1987366328","https://openalex.org/W1987549295","https://openalex.org/W2002022751","https://openalex.org/W2004882387","https://openalex.org/W2112696958","https://openalex.org/W2148719805","https://openalex.org/W2345776828","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2547450889","https://openalex.org/W2616180702","https://openalex.org/W2623075562","https://openalex.org/W2756855527","https://openalex.org/W2766448241","https://openalex.org/W2768145272","https://openalex.org/W2783165089","https://openalex.org/W2799191197","https://openalex.org/W2804860796","https://openalex.org/W2906788812","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2943316090","https://openalex.org/W2948790383","https://openalex.org/W2954563178","https://openalex.org/W2963083779","https://openalex.org/W2966927056","https://openalex.org/W2998590421","https://openalex.org/W3003380561","https://openalex.org/W3041608560","https://openalex.org/W3092161726","https://openalex.org/W3102669005","https://openalex.org/W3199015205","https://openalex.org/W4229976114","https://openalex.org/W6676838208","https://openalex.org/W6697274609","https://openalex.org/W6738675208","https://openalex.org/W6945142044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421","https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-resolution":[0],"point":[1,52,142,224],"cloud":[2,143],"data":[3,22,144,182,242],"acquired":[4,75],"with":[5],"a":[6,95,151],"laser":[7],"scanner":[8],"from":[9,129],"any":[10],"platform":[11],"contain":[12],"random":[13],"noise":[14],"and":[15,50,80,84,94,125,147,169,187,197,229,250,261],"outliers.":[16,266],"Therefore,":[17],"outlier":[18,199,212],"detection":[19,213],"in":[20,30,107,150,183,223],"LiDAR":[21,74,117],"is":[23,37,214],"often":[24],"necessary":[25],"prior":[26,40],"to":[27,64,67,100,123,140,166,221],"analysis.":[28],"Applications":[29],"agriculture":[31],"are":[32,55],"particularly":[33],"challenging,":[34],"as":[35],"there":[36],"typically":[38],"no":[39],"knowledge":[41],"of":[42,46,59,71,104,227,233,247,257,265],"the":[43,69,102,108,127,130,157,174,184,189,207,218,239,245,251,258,263],"statistical":[44],"distribution":[45],"points,":[47],"plant":[48,131],"complexity,":[49],"local":[51,152],"densities,":[53,225],"which":[54],"crop-dependent.":[56],"The":[57,133,154,231],"goals":[58],"this":[60],"study":[61],"were":[62,121,164],"first":[63,134],"investigate":[65],"approaches":[66],"minimize":[68],"impact":[70,103],"outliers":[72,106,128],"on":[73,110,137,244],"over":[76],"agricultural":[77],"row":[78],"crops,":[79],"specifically":[81],"for":[82,180,201,211,238],"sorghum":[83],"maize":[85],"breeding":[86],"experiments,":[87],"by":[88],"an":[89,176],"unmanned":[90],"aerial":[91],"vehicle":[92,241],"(UAV)":[93],"wheel-based":[96,240],"ground":[97],"platform;":[98],"second,":[99],"evaluate":[101,173],"existing":[105],"datasets":[109],"leaf":[111],"area":[112],"index":[113],"(LAI)":[114],"prediction":[115,232],"using":[116],"data.":[118],"Two":[119],"methods":[120,163],"investigated":[122],"detect":[124],"remove":[126],"datasets.":[132,171],"was":[135,178,193,235],"based":[136,243],"surface":[138],"fitting":[139],"noisy":[141],"via":[145],"normal":[146],"curvature":[148],"estimation":[149],"neighborhood.":[153],"second":[155],"utilized":[156],"PointCleanNet":[158],"deep":[159,208],"learning":[160,209],"framework.":[161],"Both":[162],"applied":[165],"individual":[167],"plants":[168],"field-based":[170],"To":[172],"method,":[175],"F-score":[177],"calculated":[179],"synthetic":[181],"controlled":[185],"conditions,":[186],"LAI,":[188],"variable":[190],"being":[191],"predicted,":[192],"computed":[194],"both":[195,202],"before":[196,260],"after":[198,262],"removal":[200,264],"scenarios.":[203],"Results":[204],"indicate":[205],"that":[206],"method":[210],"more":[215],"robust":[216],"than":[217],"geometric":[219],"approach":[220],"changes":[222],"level":[226],"noise,":[228],"shapes.":[230],"LAI":[234],"also":[236],"improved":[237],"coefficient":[246],"determination":[248],"(R2)":[249],"root":[252],"mean":[253],"squared":[254],"error":[255],"(RMSE)":[256],"residuals":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
