{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209139803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214430","title":"Parameter-Free Half-Spaces Based 3D Building Reconstruction Using Ground and Segmented Building Points from Airborne LiDAR Data with 2D Outlines","display_name":"Parameter-Free Half-Spaces Based 3D Building Reconstruction Using Ground and Segmented Building Points from Airborne LiDAR Data with 2D Outlines","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209139803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214430","mag":"3209139803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4430/pdf?version=1636102421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4430/pdf?version=1636102421","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077946145","display_name":"Marko Bizjak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-1992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marko Bizjak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-1992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008666972","display_name":"Borut \u017dalik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-5020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borut \u017dalik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061759979","display_name":"Niko Luka\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9517-1157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niko Luka\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9517-1157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077946145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.3887,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53058667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"21","first_page":"4430","last_page":"4430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7013692259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6652183532714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6281654834747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completeness","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","score":0.561726450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5475606918334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-model","display_name":"Building model","score":0.484140008687973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.4490337371826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.41910386085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4185880422592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3963490128517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3617185354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1664954423904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16156446933746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.16015583276748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11959168314933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11416882276535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.10364586114883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09972253441810608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7013692259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6652183532714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6281654834747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.561726450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5475606918334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352349","display_name":"Building model","level":2,"score":0.484140008687973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4490337371826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.41910386085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4185880422592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3963490128517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3617185354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1664954423904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16156446933746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.16015583276748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11959168314933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11416882276535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.10364586114883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09972253441810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4430/pdf?version=1636102421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a6c1f9660374599b0f6d591573678a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a6c1f9660374599b0f6d591573678a4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 21, p 4430 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/21/4430/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4430/pdf?version=1636102421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2291760295","display_name":"Computer Systems, Methodologies, and Intelligent Services","funder_award_id":"P2-0041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8309034413","display_name":"Implementing digital-twins of ecosystems of agricultural lands","funder_award_id":"L7-2633","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209139803.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209139803.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83360984","https://openalex.org/W192892705","https://openalex.org/W1975853804","https://openalex.org/W1977271893","https://openalex.org/W1986473362","https://openalex.org/W1987058898","https://openalex.org/W1996086983","https://openalex.org/W1996749420","https://openalex.org/W2005237498","https://openalex.org/W2010980358","https://openalex.org/W2015357652","https://openalex.org/W2020816742","https://openalex.org/W2022773386","https://openalex.org/W2025004203","https://openalex.org/W2029625183","https://openalex.org/W2041170980","https://openalex.org/W2088805832","https://openalex.org/W2093058919","https://openalex.org/W2102673432","https://openalex.org/W2104525659","https://openalex.org/W2130666164","https://openalex.org/W2132480024","https://openalex.org/W2144311066","https://openalex.org/W2160624915","https://openalex.org/W2215173806","https://openalex.org/W2325980629","https://openalex.org/W2432338622","https://openalex.org/W2492883228","https://openalex.org/W2583010383","https://openalex.org/W2753789408","https://openalex.org/W2777961969","https://openalex.org/W2782344141","https://openalex.org/W2785825007","https://openalex.org/W2892151451","https://openalex.org/W2945573106","https://openalex.org/W2953367155","https://openalex.org/W2998533289","https://openalex.org/W3017740917","https://openalex.org/W3022998786","https://openalex.org/W3084573950","https://openalex.org/W3092875526","https://openalex.org/W3107379492","https://openalex.org/W3108381503","https://openalex.org/W3164994716","https://openalex.org/W6602913128","https://openalex.org/W6603406552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,37,58],"automatically":[4],"reconstruct":[5],"3D":[6,81,85],"building":[7,28,82,112],"models":[8,62],"on":[9,17,95,104,109,136],"a":[10,14,38,96,105,110,142],"large":[11,97],"scale":[12],"using":[13,84],"new":[15],"approach":[16],"the":[18,27,32,49,64,68,71,79,90,131],"basis":[19],"of":[20,34,116,144,149],"half-spaces,":[21],"while":[22],"making":[23],"no":[24],"assumptions":[25],"about":[26],"layout":[29],"and":[30,53,63,75,99,108,123,147],"keeping":[31],"number":[33],"input":[35],"parameters":[36],"minimum.":[39],"The":[40],"proposed":[41,91,132],"algorithm":[42,92,133],"is":[43],"performed":[44],"in":[45],"two":[46],"stages.":[47],"First,":[48],"airborne":[50],"LiDAR":[51],"data":[52],"buildings\u2019":[54,60],"outlines":[55],"are":[56,73],"preprocessed":[57],"generate":[59],"base":[61],"corresponding":[65],"half-spaces.":[66],"In":[67,88],"second":[69],"stage,":[70],"half-spaces":[72],"analysed":[74],"used":[76],"for":[77,127],"shaping":[78],"final":[80],"model":[83],"Boolean":[86],"operations.":[87],"experiments,":[89],"was":[93,102,134],"applied":[94],"scale,":[98],"its\u2019":[100],"performance":[101],"inspected":[103],"city":[106],"level":[107],"single":[111],"level.":[113],"Accurate":[114],"reconstruction":[115],"buildings":[117],"with":[118],"various":[119],"layouts":[120],"were":[121,125,151],"demonstrated":[122],"limitations":[124],"identified":[126],"large-scale":[128],"applications.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"validated":[135],"an":[137],"ISPRS":[138],"benchmark":[139],"dataset,":[140],"where":[141],"RMSE":[143],"1.31":[145],"m":[146],"completeness":[148],"98.9%":[150],"obtained.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
