{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209007800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214305","title":"Improving Ship Detection in Clutter-Edge and Multi-Target Scenarios for High-Frequency Radar","display_name":"Improving Ship Detection in Clutter-Edge and Multi-Target Scenarios for High-Frequency Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209007800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214305","mag":"3209007800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214305","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4305/pdf?version=1635252854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4305/pdf?version=1635252854","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112631657","display_name":"Zhiqing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9016-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087239998","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3680-5903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012410","display_name":"Yingwei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-3688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingwei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090385470","display_name":"Weimin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030467159","display_name":"Weixiang Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4666-5126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087239998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.0597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91235788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"21","first_page":"4305","last_page":"4305"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.8114938735961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.8020883202552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6429975032806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5318289399147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5140601396560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stationary-target-indication","display_name":"Stationary target indication","score":0.4851694703102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moving-target-indication","display_name":"Moving target indication","score":0.4826803505420685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4426722526550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3910531997680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.38918057084083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3821741044521332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.3680214285850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.33484238386154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.25885748863220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.2568312883377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2109113335609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19612550735473633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.8114938735961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.8020883202552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6429975032806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5318289399147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5140601396560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51196962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16966352","display_name":"Stationary target indication","level":5,"score":0.4851694703102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162416716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446180","display_name":"Moving target indication","level":5,"score":0.4826803505420685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4426722526550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3910531997680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.38918057084083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3821741044521332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.3680214285850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.33484238386154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.25885748863220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2568312883377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2109113335609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19612550735473633}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214305","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4305/pdf?version=1635252854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f533680cb484440f89b396ba2165d56f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f533680cb484440f89b396ba2165d56f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 21, p 4305 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/21/4305/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 21; Pages: 4305","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214305","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4305/pdf?version=1635252854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2679964452","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071337 and 41806215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209007800.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209007800.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507647874","https://openalex.org/W1531022063","https://openalex.org/W1578240778","https://openalex.org/W1586633786","https://openalex.org/W1965465437","https://openalex.org/W1987199583","https://openalex.org/W1993907907","https://openalex.org/W2003830204","https://openalex.org/W2008908719","https://openalex.org/W2012466477","https://openalex.org/W2018690012","https://openalex.org/W2019655598","https://openalex.org/W2020105744","https://openalex.org/W2025810012","https://openalex.org/W2026464713","https://openalex.org/W2027408924","https://openalex.org/W2037430122","https://openalex.org/W2043616227","https://openalex.org/W2059528962","https://openalex.org/W2064220837","https://openalex.org/W2066642329","https://openalex.org/W2068747983","https://openalex.org/W2076984469","https://openalex.org/W2077378466","https://openalex.org/W2089250779","https://openalex.org/W2091041953","https://openalex.org/W2093554806","https://openalex.org/W2096588041","https://openalex.org/W2099343689","https://openalex.org/W2105008441","https://openalex.org/W2106340939","https://openalex.org/W2106548282","https://openalex.org/W2114810571","https://openalex.org/W2119456667","https://openalex.org/W2128448676","https://openalex.org/W2129895265","https://openalex.org/W2134562940","https://openalex.org/W2137944229","https://openalex.org/W2140515654","https://openalex.org/W2140903607","https://openalex.org/W2144263175","https://openalex.org/W2148411278","https://openalex.org/W2153493073","https://openalex.org/W2156019871","https://openalex.org/W2157224740","https://openalex.org/W2157323335","https://openalex.org/W2162307459","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2169460480","https://openalex.org/W2288544578","https://openalex.org/W2462603925","https://openalex.org/W2532584573","https://openalex.org/W2538168788","https://openalex.org/W2538758273","https://openalex.org/W2539126478","https://openalex.org/W2545747206","https://openalex.org/W2582607838","https://openalex.org/W2595279138","https://openalex.org/W2600043703","https://openalex.org/W2606255513","https://openalex.org/W2615339091","https://openalex.org/W2770379533","https://openalex.org/W2770577670","https://openalex.org/W2773264362","https://openalex.org/W2782555530","https://openalex.org/W2800203552","https://openalex.org/W2899663635","https://openalex.org/W2911541802","https://openalex.org/W2921245937","https://openalex.org/W2960381823","https://openalex.org/W2971567587","https://openalex.org/W2979691948","https://openalex.org/W2980227853","https://openalex.org/W3003190159","https://openalex.org/W3048785089","https://openalex.org/W3112316459","https://openalex.org/W3137799221","https://openalex.org/W3154061261","https://openalex.org/W6629189810","https://openalex.org/W6651560917","https://openalex.org/W6666353305","https://openalex.org/W6681128665","https://openalex.org/W6769405405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2230756318","https://openalex.org/W2613558275","https://openalex.org/W1975579068","https://openalex.org/W2587982828","https://openalex.org/W1983393909","https://openalex.org/W2354382872","https://openalex.org/W3082296273","https://openalex.org/W262610975","https://openalex.org/W1650830693","https://openalex.org/W2554868331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"one":[1],"of":[2,10,90,128,143,179,220,225],"the":[3,38,42,84,88,91,107,123,132,177,185,199,214,222],"main":[4],"sensors":[5],"for":[6,155],"continuous":[7],"maritime":[8],"measurements":[9],"sea":[11,47,129,167],"state":[12],"parameters,":[13],"high-frequency":[14],"surface":[15],"wave":[16],"radar":[17],"(HFSWR)":[18],"also":[19],"plays":[20],"an":[21,61],"important":[22],"role":[23],"in":[24,53,73,83,106,131,218],"ship":[25,63,103],"detection":[26,64,154],"and":[27,97,147,169,207],"tracking.":[28],"Compact":[29],"HFSWR":[30],"often":[31],"suffers":[32],"from":[33],"missing":[34],"targets,":[35,157],"especially":[36],"when":[37],"target":[39,52,78],"appears":[40],"near":[41,50],"Doppler":[43,145],"region":[44],"with":[45,184],"heavy":[46],"clutter":[48,130,168],"or":[49,110],"another":[51],"a":[54,115],"multi-target":[55],"scenario.":[56],"To":[57],"address":[58],"this":[59,74],"problem,":[60],"automatic":[62,186],"method":[65,138,217],"based":[66],"on":[67],"time\u2013frequency":[68],"(TF)":[69],"analysis":[70],"is":[71,112,119,191],"presented":[72],"paper.":[75],"The":[76,135],"TF":[77,85,108,133,137,141,156,216],"ridge":[79],"areas":[80],"are":[81,164],"extracted":[82],"image":[86,94],"via":[87],"eigenvalues":[89],"Hessian":[92],"matrix,":[93],"edge":[95],"detection,":[96],"local":[98],"maximum":[99],"search.":[100],"Then,":[101],"whether":[102],"signals":[104],"exist":[105],"ridges":[109,142],"not":[111],"decided":[113],"by":[114,121,166,198,213],"decision":[116],"threshold":[117],"that":[118,163,176,182,196,212],"calculated":[120],"fitting":[122],"probability":[124],"distribution":[125],"function":[126],"(PDF)":[127],"domain.":[134],"proposed":[136],"can":[139],"separate":[140],"similar":[144],"frequency":[146],"performs":[148],"constant":[149,201],"false":[150,202],"alarm":[151,203],"rate":[152,204],"(CFAR)":[153,205],"which":[158],"facilitates":[159],"detecting":[160],"these":[161],"targets":[162],"masked":[165],"other":[170],"large":[171],"targets.":[172,227],"Experimental":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"number":[178,224],"detected":[180,226],"ships":[181],"match":[183],"identification":[187],"system":[188],"(AIS)":[189],"records":[190],"four":[192],"times":[193,209],"more":[194,210],"than":[195,211],"obtained":[197],"conventional":[200],"detectors":[206],"1.3":[208],"state-of-the-art":[215],"consideration":[219],"approximately":[221],"same":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
