{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210716452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214266","title":"Evaluation of Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Pacific Walruses at a Large Coastal Haulout","display_name":"Evaluation of Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Pacific Walruses at a Large Coastal Haulout","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210716452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214266","mag":"3210716452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4266/pdf?version=1635469388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4266/pdf?version=1635469388","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045144845","display_name":"Anthony S. Fischbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012618","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehhzx21","country_code":null,"type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony S. Fischbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013471317","display_name":"David C. Douglas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012618","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehhzx21","country_code":null,"type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David C. Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 250 Egan Dr., Juneau, AK 99801, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 250 Egan Dr., Juneau, AK 99801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045144845"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8082,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84274509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"21","first_page":"4266","last_page":"4266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6556149125099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5699622631072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benthic-habitat","display_name":"Benthic habitat","score":0.45395344495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.44924184679985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.43716543912887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4296022951602936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.41861265897750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.33186620473861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3240237832069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benthic-zone","display_name":"Benthic zone","score":0.14356401562690735}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6556149125099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5699622631072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993018843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686881","display_name":"Benthic habitat","level":3,"score":0.45395344495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.44924184679985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.43716543912887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4296022951602936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.41861265897750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.33186620473861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3240237832069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83042747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686881","display_name":"Benthic zone","level":2,"score":0.14356401562690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4266/pdf?version=1635469388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:984922368d7e43c192c1685a37b47962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/984922368d7e43c192c1685a37b47962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 21, p 4266 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/21/4266/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 21; Pages: 4266","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4266/pdf?version=1635469388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4552746173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Ecosystems Mission Area","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210716452.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210716452.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970364727","https://openalex.org/W1977518596","https://openalex.org/W1989750313","https://openalex.org/W2059060542","https://openalex.org/W2077797751","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2123690726","https://openalex.org/W2139328773","https://openalex.org/W2152649743","https://openalex.org/W2168465712","https://openalex.org/W2324318369","https://openalex.org/W2481149785","https://openalex.org/W2549540448","https://openalex.org/W2567969289","https://openalex.org/W2625801899","https://openalex.org/W2773009449","https://openalex.org/W2794873968","https://openalex.org/W3197427461","https://openalex.org/W4231291024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2173306143","https://openalex.org/W2734824928","https://openalex.org/W2111884528","https://openalex.org/W2165362737","https://openalex.org/W2583395301","https://openalex.org/W2569797670","https://openalex.org/W2152914231","https://openalex.org/W2143045395","https://openalex.org/W2908757567","https://openalex.org/W2109689546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pacific":[0],"walruses":[1,57],"(Odobenus":[2],"rosmarus":[3],"divergens)":[4],"are":[5,65],"using":[6,149],"coastal":[7],"haulouts":[8,312],"in":[9,16,24,29,60,97,106,232],"the":[10,69,83,175,183,203,299],"Chukchi":[11],"Sea":[12],"more":[13,304,314],"often":[14],"and":[15,27,81,102,123,125,133,145,157,195,222,263,270,274,318],"larger":[17],"numbers":[18,55],"to":[19,112,141,158,287,308],"rest":[20],"between":[21,155,284],"foraging":[22],"bouts":[23],"late":[25],"summer":[26],"autumn":[28],"recent":[30],"years,":[31],"because":[32],"climate":[33],"warming":[34],"has":[35],"reduced":[36],"availability":[37],"of":[38,56,76,85,174,182,199,220,235],"sea":[39],"ice":[40],"that":[41,256],"historically":[42],"had":[43],"provided":[44,196],"resting":[45],"platforms":[46],"near":[47,93],"their":[48,147,233],"preferred":[49],"benthic":[50],"feeding":[51],"grounds.":[52],"With":[53],"greater":[54],"hauling":[58],"out":[59],"large":[61],"aggregations,":[62],"new":[63],"opportunities":[64],"presented":[66],"for":[67,79,277,297],"monitoring":[68,278,298],"population.":[70],"Here":[71],"we":[72],"evaluate":[73,309],"different":[74],"types":[75,209],"satellite":[77,139,258],"imagery":[78,104,117,130,163,208,239,292],"detecting":[80],"delineating":[82],"peripheries":[84,148],"walrus":[86,143,200,279],"aggregations":[87,144,201],"at":[88,202,311],"a":[89,166],"commonly":[90],"used":[91],"haulout":[92],"Point":[94,204,300],"Lay,":[95],"Alaska,":[96],"2018\u20132020.":[98],"We":[99,152,254],"evaluated":[100],"optical":[101,116,180,257],"radar":[103,128],"ranging":[105],"pixel":[107],"resolutions":[108],"from":[109,118,131,186],"40":[110],"m":[111,212,242],"~1":[113,241],"m:":[114],"specifically,":[115],"Landsat,":[119],"Sentinel-2,":[120,271],"Planet":[121],"Labs,":[122],"DigitalGlobe,":[124],"synthetic":[126],"aperture":[127],"(SAR)":[129],"Sentinel-1":[132],"TerraSAR-X.":[134],"Three":[135],"observers":[136,156,214],"independently":[137],"examined":[138],"images":[140],"detect":[142],"digitized":[146],"visual":[150],"interpretation.":[151],"compared":[153],"interpretations":[154],"high-resolution":[159],"(~2":[160],"cm)":[161],"ortho-corrected":[162],"collected":[164],"by":[165,191],"small":[167],"unoccupied":[168],"aerial":[169],"system":[170],"(UAS).":[171],"Roughly":[172],"two-thirds":[173],"time,":[176],"clouds":[177,192,288],"precluded":[178],"clear":[179],"views":[181],"study":[184],"area":[185],"satellite.":[187],"SAR":[188,291,310],"was":[189,246],"unaffected":[190],"(and":[193],"darkness)":[194],"unambiguous":[197],"signatures":[198],"Lay":[205,301],"haulout.":[206],"Among":[207],"with":[210,240,260,313],"4\u201310":[211],"resolution,":[213,243],"unanimously":[215],"agreed":[216],"on":[217],"all":[218],"detections":[219],"walruses,":[221],"attained":[223],"an":[224],"average":[225],"65%":[226],"overlap":[227,244],"(sd":[228],"12.0,":[229],"n":[230,252],"100)":[231],"delineations":[234],"aggregation":[236],"boundaries.":[237],"For":[238],"agreement":[245],"higher":[247],"(mean":[248],"85%,":[249],"sd":[250],"3.0,":[251],"11).":[253],"found":[255],"sensors":[259],"moderate":[261],"resolution":[262],"high":[264],"revisitation":[265],"rates,":[266],"such":[267],"as":[268],"PlanetScope":[269],"demonstrated":[272,294],"robust":[273,295],"repeatable":[275],"qualities":[276],"haulouts,":[280],"but":[281,303],"temporal":[282],"gaps":[283],"observations":[285],"due":[286],"were":[289],"common.":[290],"also":[293],"capabilities":[296],"haulout,":[302],"research":[305],"is":[306],"needed":[307],"complex":[315],"local":[316],"terrain":[317],"beach":[319],"substrates.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}