{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210593894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214256","title":"A Remote Sensing Approach for Surface Urban Heat Island Modeling in a Tropical Colombian City Using Regression Analysis and Machine Learning Algorithms","display_name":"A Remote Sensing Approach for Surface Urban Heat Island Modeling in a Tropical Colombian City Using Regression Analysis and Machine Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210593894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214256","mag":"3210593894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214256","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4256/pdf?version=1635144474","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4256/pdf?version=1635144474","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013195608","display_name":"Juli\u00e1n Garz\u00f3n Barrero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4871-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135437138","display_name":"University of Quind\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/01358s213","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135437138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["CO","ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juli\u00e1n Garz\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Cartography Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain","Programa de Ingenier\u00eda Topogr\u00e1fica y Geom\u00e1tica, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Cartography Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programa de Ingenier\u00eda Topogr\u00e1fica y Geom\u00e1tica, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135437138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001855821","display_name":"\u00cd\u00f1igo Molina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6223-6874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I\u00f1igo Molina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Cartography Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Cartography Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108691728","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Velasco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0233-0398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jes\u00fas Velasco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Cartography Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Cartography Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001729466","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s Calabia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-4341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9s Calabia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013195608"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135437138","https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0057,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72774918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"21","first_page":"4256","last_page":"4256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissivity","display_name":"Emissivity","score":0.6971043348312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5759940147399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5341535806655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5201816558837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat-island","display_name":"Urban heat island","score":0.4363900423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.42262354493141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4224918484687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38594114780426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.2771698832511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.271511971950531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.265275776386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.22358709573745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09638664126396179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163651212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899670","display_name":"Emissivity","level":2,"score":0.6971043348312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5759940147399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5341535806655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5201816558837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54005896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712","display_name":"Urban heat island","level":2,"score":0.4363900423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.42262354493141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4224918484687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38594114780426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2771698832511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.271511971950531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.265275776386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.22358709573745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09638664126396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214256","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4256/pdf?version=1635144474","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa7707f6cd034e04977e0608aa391a3b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa7707f6cd034e04977e0608aa391a3b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 21, p 4256 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/21/4256/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 21; Pages: 4256","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13214256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214256","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4256/pdf?version=1635144474","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210593894.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210593894.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1892481930","https://openalex.org/W1965114096","https://openalex.org/W1966360676","https://openalex.org/W1967395374","https://openalex.org/W1969666701","https://openalex.org/W1976712888","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1996005452","https://openalex.org/W2004776481","https://openalex.org/W2006748900","https://openalex.org/W2017745225","https://openalex.org/W2019985735","https://openalex.org/W2024103932","https://openalex.org/W2024369170","https://openalex.org/W2025799929","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2029765822","https://openalex.org/W2033782096","https://openalex.org/W2043962305","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2067542652","https://openalex.org/W2077611149","https://openalex.org/W2078478034","https://openalex.org/W2087776137","https://openalex.org/W2103541076","https://openalex.org/W2115709314","https://openalex.org/W2131126673","https://openalex.org/W2131265509","https://openalex.org/W2133785052","https://openalex.org/W2136224105","https://openalex.org/W2140095899","https://openalex.org/W2141736649","https://openalex.org/W2153763028","https://openalex.org/W2156049446","https://openalex.org/W2173157294","https://openalex.org/W2298346024","https://openalex.org/W2408871440","https://openalex.org/W2526314016","https://openalex.org/W2527372324","https://openalex.org/W2552224582","https://openalex.org/W2556239529","https://openalex.org/W2589306140","https://openalex.org/W2601003229","https://openalex.org/W2611408664","https://openalex.org/W2621617670","https://openalex.org/W2622705857","https://openalex.org/W2727715810","https://openalex.org/W2727738022","https://openalex.org/W2753822254","https://openalex.org/W2766966413","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2783652268","https://openalex.org/W2784992828","https://openalex.org/W2795714960","https://openalex.org/W2801635335","https://openalex.org/W2802328392","https://openalex.org/W2804583155","https://openalex.org/W2807007945","https://openalex.org/W2890839613","https://openalex.org/W2907470085","https://openalex.org/W2914908865","https://openalex.org/W2946872460","https://openalex.org/W2946959524","https://openalex.org/W2954841488","https://openalex.org/W2965484213","https://openalex.org/W2970199969","https://openalex.org/W2970789119","https://openalex.org/W2971593981","https://openalex.org/W2972868991","https://openalex.org/W2979883380","https://openalex.org/W2981062943","https://openalex.org/W2991543943","https://openalex.org/W2999561773","https://openalex.org/W3011400958","https://openalex.org/W3013985068","https://openalex.org/W3029912995","https://openalex.org/W3032210312","https://openalex.org/W3036770827","https://openalex.org/W3048486232","https://openalex.org/W3080498503","https://openalex.org/W3089576626","https://openalex.org/W3093135203","https://openalex.org/W3095878401","https://openalex.org/W3110911062","https://openalex.org/W3111816505","https://openalex.org/W3112229965","https://openalex.org/W3123616702","https://openalex.org/W3124094059","https://openalex.org/W3136287841","https://openalex.org/W3155676895","https://openalex.org/W3157412621","https://openalex.org/W3183557413","https://openalex.org/W3185297269","https://openalex.org/W3195736271","https://openalex.org/W3196878686","https://openalex.org/W3197042937","https://openalex.org/W3198740282","https://openalex.org/W6642610809","https://openalex.org/W6651902496","https://openalex.org/W6657831013","https://openalex.org/W6686622521","https://openalex.org/W6767261588","https://openalex.org/W6770783884","https://openalex.org/W6775047284","https://openalex.org/W7006057210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068804904","https://openalex.org/W2080140811","https://openalex.org/W2899172485","https://openalex.org/W2326191128","https://openalex.org/W4237339516","https://openalex.org/W1996544059","https://openalex.org/W2294087764","https://openalex.org/W2039406532","https://openalex.org/W2972846275","https://openalex.org/W1537861260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86],"Surface":[1,22],"Urban":[2],"Heat":[3],"Islands":[4],"(SUHI)":[5],"phenomenon":[6],"has":[7],"adverse":[8],"environmental":[9],"consequences":[10,181],"on":[11],"human":[12],"activities,":[13],"biophysical":[14],"and":[15,27,50,61,74,109,119,142,173],"ecological":[16],"systems.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"study,":[20],"Land":[21],"Temperature":[23],"(LST)":[24],"from":[25],"Landsat":[26],"Sentinel-2":[28,92],"satellites":[29],"is":[30],"used":[31,170],"to":[32,56,83,160,164,171,177],"investigate":[33],"the":[34,41,58,69,76,95,103,110,129,132,136,143,179,188,191,200,204],"contribution":[35],"of":[36,65,78,182,190],"potential":[37],"factors":[38,130],"that":[39,128,167],"generate":[40],"SUHI":[42,63,125,193],"phenomenon.":[43],"We":[44,72],"employ":[45],"Principal":[46],"Component":[47],"Analysis":[48],"(PCA)":[49],"Multiple":[51],"Linear":[52],"Regression":[53],"(MLR)":[54],"techniques":[55],"model":[57,90,114,126,194],"main":[59],"temporal":[60],"spatial":[62],"patterns":[64],"Cartago,":[66],"Colombia,":[67],"for":[68],"period":[70],"2001\u20132020.":[71],"test":[73],"evaluate":[75],"performance":[77],"three":[79],"different":[80],"emissivity":[81,113],"models":[82],"retrieve":[84],"LST.":[85],"fractional":[87],"vegetation":[88],"cover":[89],"using":[91],"data":[93],"provides":[94],"best":[96],"results":[97],"with":[98,131,195],"R2":[99,116,120],"=":[100,117,121],"0.78,":[101],"while":[102],"ASTER":[104],"Global":[105],"Emissivity":[106],"Dataset":[107],"v3":[108],"land":[111],"surface":[112],"provide":[115],"0.27":[118],"0.26,":[122],"respectively.":[123],"Our":[124,184],"reveals":[127],"highest":[133],"impact":[134],"are":[135],"Normalized":[137,144],"Difference":[138,145],"Water":[139],"Index":[140,147],"(NDWI)":[141],"Build-up":[146],"(NDBI).":[148],"Furthermore,":[149],"we":[150],"incorporate":[151],"a":[152],"weighted":[153],"Na\u00efve":[154],"Bayes":[155],"Machine":[156,207],"Learning":[157],"(NBML)":[158],"algorithm":[159],"identify":[161],"areas":[162],"prone":[163],"extreme":[165],"temperatures":[166],"can":[168],"be":[169],"define":[172],"apply":[174],"normative":[175],"actions":[176],"mitigate":[178],"negative":[180],"SUHI.":[183],"NBML":[185],"approach":[186],"demonstrates":[187],"suitability":[189],"new":[192],"uncertainty":[196],"within":[197],"95%,":[198],"against":[199],"88%":[201],"given":[202],"by":[203],"Support":[205],"Vector":[206],"(SVM)":[208],"approach.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}