{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207675205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204089","title":"Estimating Snowpack Density from Near-Infrared Spectral Reflectance Using a Hybrid Model","display_name":"Estimating Snowpack Density from Near-Infrared Spectral Reflectance Using a Hybrid Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207675205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204089","mag":"3207675205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13204089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4089/pdf?version=1634120621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4089/pdf?version=1634120621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004912491","display_name":"Mohamed Karim El Oufir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-1945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Karim El Oufir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063580106","display_name":"Karem Chokmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-0761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karem Chokmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089175260","display_name":"Anas El Alem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8570-2110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anas El Alem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064807746","display_name":"Monique Bernier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monique Bernier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004912491"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.3627,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60167056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"20","first_page":"4089","last_page":"4089"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.7638773918151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6761871576309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5466578006744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density","display_name":"Spectral density","score":0.5404449701309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5184482932090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-estimation","display_name":"Density estimation","score":0.47166144847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.4166561961174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3028870224952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.29790180921554565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22445794939994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18591314554214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17552810907363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.151189386844635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.7638773918151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6761871576309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5466578006744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.5404449701309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5184482932090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189508267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17088227","display_name":"Density estimation","level":3,"score":0.47166144847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.4166561961174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3028870224952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.29790180921554565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22445794939994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18591314554214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17552810907363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.151189386844635}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13204089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4089/pdf?version=1634120621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e349f8518484e61addbf36901183119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e349f8518484e61addbf36901183119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 20, p 4089 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.inrs.ca:12217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400579","display_name":"EspaceINRS (National Institute for Scientific Research (Canada))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","host_organization_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/20/4089/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13204089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4089/pdf?version=1634120621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207675205.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207675205.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1251273715","https://openalex.org/W1847029641","https://openalex.org/W1980780002","https://openalex.org/W1986323923","https://openalex.org/W1988386267","https://openalex.org/W1989907325","https://openalex.org/W1995966489","https://openalex.org/W2000937716","https://openalex.org/W2001502330","https://openalex.org/W2001736287","https://openalex.org/W2003636035","https://openalex.org/W2022205648","https://openalex.org/W2032866090","https://openalex.org/W2033904036","https://openalex.org/W2042800906","https://openalex.org/W2044435050","https://openalex.org/W2046412010","https://openalex.org/W2055563201","https://openalex.org/W2064647810","https://openalex.org/W2079395584","https://openalex.org/W2095332554","https://openalex.org/W2105823136","https://openalex.org/W2119973177","https://openalex.org/W2150923851","https://openalex.org/W2156098962","https://openalex.org/W2164448908","https://openalex.org/W2164453447","https://openalex.org/W2165383220","https://openalex.org/W2169973869","https://openalex.org/W2203714058","https://openalex.org/W2438566971","https://openalex.org/W2470915834","https://openalex.org/W2781669860","https://openalex.org/W2960923948","https://openalex.org/W3123421154","https://openalex.org/W3187632501","https://openalex.org/W6679601412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314704010","https://openalex.org/W1584003442","https://openalex.org/W2317224478","https://openalex.org/W2084452007","https://openalex.org/W2996275564","https://openalex.org/W4250354563","https://openalex.org/W2060524912","https://openalex.org/W2242764613","https://openalex.org/W597570173","https://openalex.org/W2025898485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improving":[0],"the":[1,16,27,61,77,82,108,113,132,139,177,201,221,225,241,244,264,274],"estimation":[2,28,158,183],"of":[3,15,18,29,36,64,81,107,186,240,263,276],"snow":[4,12,65,94,116,156,178,194,284],"density":[5,19,95,117,134,142,157,179,195,212,285],"is":[6,24,44,66,111,121,164,174],"a":[7,48,154,187,192],"key":[8],"task":[9],"in":[10,20,71,76,166],"current":[11],"research.":[13],"Characterization":[14],"variability":[17],"time":[21],"and":[22,50,55,118,135,143,213,254],"space":[23],"essential":[25],"for":[26,53,243],"water":[30],"equivalent,":[31],"hydroelectric":[32],"power":[33],"production,":[34],"assessment":[35],"natural":[37],"hazards":[38],"(avalanches,":[39],"floods,":[40],"etc.).":[41],"Hyperspectral":[42],"imaging":[43],"proving":[45],"to":[46,92,175,181,191,230,282],"be":[47,129,147],"promising":[49],"reliable":[51],"tool":[52],"monitoring":[54],"estimating":[56],"this":[57,85,152,167,172],"physical":[58,73],"property.":[59],"Indeed,":[60,124],"spectral":[62,97,119,144,162,214,232],"reflectance":[63,120,126,145],"partly":[67],"controlled":[68],"by":[69,184,204],"changes":[70],"its":[72,182],"properties,":[74],"particularly":[75],"near-infrared":[78],"(NIR)":[79],"part":[80],"spectrum.":[83],"For":[84],"purpose,":[86],"several":[87,125],"models":[88],"have":[89],"been":[90],"designed":[91],"estimate":[93,283],"from":[96],"information.":[98],"However,":[99],"none":[100],"has":[101],"yet":[102],"achieved":[103],"significant":[104],"performance.":[105],"One":[106],"major":[109],"difficulties":[110],"that":[112,220],"relationship":[114],"between":[115,141,211],"non-bijective":[122],"(surjective).":[123],"amplitudes":[127],"can":[128,146],"associated":[130],"with":[131,234,250,270],"same":[133],"vice":[136],"versa,":[137],"so":[138],"correlation":[140],"very":[148],"poor.":[149],"To":[150],"resolve":[151],"issue,":[153],"hybrid":[155,265],"model":[159,173,266],"based":[160],"on":[161],"data":[163],"proposed":[165],"work.":[168],"The":[169,216,238,260],"principle":[170],"behind":[171],"classify":[176],"prior":[180],"means":[185],"specific":[188,245],"estimator":[189],"corresponding":[190],"predetermined":[193],"class.":[196],"These":[197],"additional":[198],"steps":[199],"eliminate":[200],"surjective":[202],"relation":[203],"converting":[205],"it":[206],"into":[207],"three":[208,226],"bijective":[209],"relations":[210],"reflectance.":[215],"calibration":[217],"step":[218],"showed":[219],"densities":[222],"included":[223],"within":[224],"classes":[227],"are":[228],"sensitive":[229],"different":[231],"regions,":[233],"R2":[235,251],"&gt;":[236,252],"0.80.":[237],"results":[239],"cross-validation":[242],"estimators":[246],"were":[247],"also":[248],"satisfactory":[249],"0.78":[253],"RMSE":[255],"&lt;":[256],"36.36":[257],"kg":[258],"m\u22123.":[259],"overall":[261],"performance":[262],"(HM),":[267],"when":[268],"tested":[269],"independent":[271],"data,":[272],"demonstrated":[273],"effectiveness":[275],"using":[277],"proximal":[278],"NIR":[279],"hyperspectral":[280],"imagery":[281],"(R2":[286],"=":[287,289],"NASH":[288],"0.93).":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
