{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205457409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193950","title":"Entropy Metrics of Radar Signatures of Sea Surface Scattering for Distinguishing Targets","display_name":"Entropy Metrics of Radar Signatures of Sea Surface Scattering for Distinguishing Targets","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205457409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193950","mag":"3205457409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3950/pdf?version=1633935370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3950/pdf?version=1633935370","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067103567","display_name":"Rui Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-5376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161346416","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356914","display_name":"Lina Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2905-2472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161346416","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Na Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377834","display_name":"Qiang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161346416","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064262994","display_name":"Si-Zhang Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161346416","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si-Zhang Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034458650","display_name":"Jianjie Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4483-8318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161346416","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Jie Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100953633","display_name":"XU Xin-hui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161346416","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin-Hui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067103567"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161346416"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0676,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89723451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"19","first_page":"3950","last_page":"3950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.8192542195320129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5370138883590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5229259729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45267271995544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.43488267064094543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4005906581878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3393072783946991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3346467614173889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.14911076426506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08098456263542175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.8192542195320129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5370138883590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5229259729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45267271995544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.43488267064094543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4005906581878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3393072783946991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3346467614173889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.14911076426506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08098456263542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3950/pdf?version=1633935370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4bc6b475b0d4b1b921c87bc39b02041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4bc6b475b0d4b1b921c87bc39b02041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 19, p 3950 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/19/3950/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 19; Pages: 3950","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3950/pdf?version=1633935370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4133174517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201920","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7308662037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42001318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8323376959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZQ2021022, HHXY2020018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325565","funder_display_name":"Jimei University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902821443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZQ2021022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325565","funder_display_name":"Jimei University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311526","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325014","display_name":"Xuchang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k174p87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325565","display_name":"Jimei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hknyb50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205457409.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205457409.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1964813643","https://openalex.org/W1984677318","https://openalex.org/W1992646618","https://openalex.org/W1996176293","https://openalex.org/W2011327946","https://openalex.org/W2042596103","https://openalex.org/W2059851411","https://openalex.org/W2092068201","https://openalex.org/W2097568347","https://openalex.org/W2099952712","https://openalex.org/W2102037022","https://openalex.org/W2118499503","https://openalex.org/W2156431682","https://openalex.org/W2172202888","https://openalex.org/W2562706821","https://openalex.org/W2627057354","https://openalex.org/W2900741051","https://openalex.org/W2958821036","https://openalex.org/W2990503925","https://openalex.org/W3091949961","https://openalex.org/W3147291723","https://openalex.org/W4248273320","https://openalex.org/W4251410852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W2035264131","https://openalex.org/W1679012645","https://openalex.org/W1925461966","https://openalex.org/W3036468168","https://openalex.org/W1496493270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,70],"paper":[1],"analyzes":[2],"sea":[3,20,49,106,113,133,185,204],"clutter":[4,21,50,107,186,205],"by":[5,22,51],"a":[6,117,149],"random":[7],"series":[8],"without":[9],"assuming":[10],"the":[11,17,43,54,63,73,80,87,96,124,128,138,165,169,175,198,209,220,228],"scattering":[12],"being":[13],"independent.":[14],"We":[15,27,135],"quantitated":[16],"complexity":[18,64,119],"of":[19,76,102,127,132,181,200,230],"applying":[23],"multiscale":[24,129],"sample":[25,55,89,130],"entropy.":[26],"found":[28,84],"that":[29,101,137,180,219],"above":[30],"certain":[31],"wave":[32],"heights":[33],"or":[34,40,61,95,232],"wind":[35],"speeds,":[36],"and":[37,146,211],"for":[38],"HH":[39],"VV":[41],"polarization,":[42],"target":[44,82,171],"can":[45,147,224],"be":[46,225],"distinguished":[47],"from":[48],"regarding":[52],"(i)":[53],"entropy":[56,68,90,131,144],"at":[57,91],"large":[58,92],"scale":[59,93],"factors":[60,94],"(ii)":[62],"index":[65,120],"(CI)":[66],"as":[67],"metrics.":[69],"is":[71,140],"because":[72],"backscattering":[74],"amplitudes":[75],"range":[77,103,166,182,201],"bins":[78,104,167,183,202],"with":[79,86,105,168,184,203],"primary":[81,170],"were":[83,207],"equipped":[85],"lowest":[88,97,176],"CI":[98],"compared":[99,178],"to":[100,173,179],"only.":[108],"To":[109],"further":[110,217],"cover":[111],"low-to-moderate":[112],"states,":[114],"we":[115],"constructed":[116],"polarized":[118],"(PCI)":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123,152],"polarization":[125],"signatures":[126],"clutter.":[134],"demonstrated":[136],"PCI":[139,177,222],"yet":[141],"another":[142],"alternative":[143],"metric":[145,223],"achieve":[148],"superb":[150],"performance":[151],"distinguishing":[153],"targets":[154,234],"within":[155],"1993\u2019s":[156,193],"IPIX":[157,194],"radar":[158,195],"data":[159,163,196,215],"sets.":[160],"In":[161],"each":[162,214],"set,":[164,216],"turned":[172],"have":[174],"alone.":[187],"Moreover,":[188],"in":[189,213,227],"our":[190],"experiment":[191],"using":[192],"sets,":[197],"PCIs":[199],"only":[206],"almost":[208],"same":[210],"stable":[212],"suggesting":[218],"proposed":[221],"applied":[226],"presence":[229],"no":[231],"multiple":[233],"through":[235],"proper":[236],"fitting":[237],"curves.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
