{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205964775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193923","title":"Parameter Estimation Based on a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter Applied to El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation Ensemble Prediction","display_name":"Parameter Estimation Based on a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter Applied to El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation Ensemble Prediction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205964775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193923","mag":"3205964775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193923","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3923/pdf?version=1633837715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3923/pdf?version=1633837715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010129505","display_name":"Yanqiu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-2188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109544","display_name":"Second Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01tkb7c15","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanqiu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China","State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087585615","display_name":"Youmin Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-6425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151934421","display_name":"University of Northern British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/025wzwv46","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youmin Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074178696","display_name":"Xunshu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109544","display_name":"Second Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01tkb7c15","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunshu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China","State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012834882","display_name":"Zheqi Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheqi Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087585615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421","https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6765,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69288129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"19","first_page":"3923","last_page":"3923"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.6654664278030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.6376157999038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5448659658432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-kalman-filter","display_name":"Ensemble Kalman filter","score":0.5036064982414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.48853763937950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.4768023192882538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45899704098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forecast-skill","display_name":"Forecast skill","score":0.43173977732658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.3747178614139557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3723706007003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35150301456451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3497088551521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2727268934249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.26507335901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10631120204925537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.6654664278030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.6376157999038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5448659658432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79334102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072268","display_name":"Ensemble Kalman filter","level":4,"score":0.5036064982414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.48853763937950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.4768023192882538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45899704098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170061395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468164","display_name":"Forecast skill","level":2,"score":0.43173977732658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.3747178614139557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3723706007003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35150301456451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3497088551521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2727268934249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.26507335901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10631120204925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193923","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3923/pdf?version=1633837715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f3b030d73fb4423bd9ae3dbb421dc35","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f3b030d73fb4423bd9ae3dbb421dc35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 19, p 3923 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/19/3923/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 19; Pages: 3923","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193923","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3923/pdf?version=1633837715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2949215684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41690120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6483286804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant nos. 41690124 and 41690120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7174558747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Group","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7824399803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41690124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8218031721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205964775.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205964775.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482932425","https://openalex.org/W1487304279","https://openalex.org/W1511573446","https://openalex.org/W1625761746","https://openalex.org/W1982135483","https://openalex.org/W2008433358","https://openalex.org/W2010299042","https://openalex.org/W2010444469","https://openalex.org/W2015007962","https://openalex.org/W2016189350","https://openalex.org/W2019255172","https://openalex.org/W2022543498","https://openalex.org/W2023128436","https://openalex.org/W2030774493","https://openalex.org/W2045381799","https://openalex.org/W2046534255","https://openalex.org/W2046780769","https://openalex.org/W2051642564","https://openalex.org/W2064817469","https://openalex.org/W2065317334","https://openalex.org/W2067154973","https://openalex.org/W2091339491","https://openalex.org/W2091818495","https://openalex.org/W2112082289","https://openalex.org/W2112556970","https://openalex.org/W2123736483","https://openalex.org/W2140603473","https://openalex.org/W2142340191","https://openalex.org/W2144853430","https://openalex.org/W2160444846","https://openalex.org/W2162204743","https://openalex.org/W2163608918","https://openalex.org/W2171715142","https://openalex.org/W2173785495","https://openalex.org/W2174784159","https://openalex.org/W2175816372","https://openalex.org/W2179584279","https://openalex.org/W2296051987","https://openalex.org/W2314841596","https://openalex.org/W2370156651","https://openalex.org/W2564044394","https://openalex.org/W2743002339","https://openalex.org/W2791783322","https://openalex.org/W2794053769","https://openalex.org/W2796784080","https://openalex.org/W2900977353","https://openalex.org/W2912985961","https://openalex.org/W2962404619","https://openalex.org/W3028498262","https://openalex.org/W3039816849","https://openalex.org/W3082883292","https://openalex.org/W3117579987","https://openalex.org/W4234369415","https://openalex.org/W6656380737","https://openalex.org/W6662457628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4212971657","https://openalex.org/W1949985943","https://openalex.org/W2089385108","https://openalex.org/W2363380593","https://openalex.org/W2377052976","https://openalex.org/W2991541038","https://openalex.org/W2393565244","https://openalex.org/W2613759229","https://openalex.org/W1996382496","https://openalex.org/W4246354917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parameter":[0,148,186],"estimation":[1,32,107,149,159,164,184,187,227],"plays":[2],"an":[3,120,224],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,119,216,237],"reducing":[7],"model":[8,89,143,152],"error":[9,153],"and":[10,20,108,127,177,233],"thus":[11,189],"is":[12],"of":[13,23,60,104,134,197,218],"great":[14,38],"significance":[15],"to":[16,28,199,229],"improve":[17,230],"the":[18,24,51,57,61,83,86,95,105,132,135,138,142,151,168,181,191,206,211,238],"simulation":[19,123],"prediction":[21,116,170,193,217],"capabilities":[22],"model.":[25],"However,":[26],"due":[27],"filtering":[29,52],"divergence,":[30],"parameter":[31,106,163,178,183,226],"by":[33,55,93,172],"ensemble-based":[34],"filters":[35],"still":[36],"faces":[37],"challenges.":[39],"Previous":[40],"studies":[41],"have":[42],"shown":[43],"that":[44,141],"a":[45,69,75,200],"covariance":[46],"inflation":[47,71],"scheme":[48,72],"could":[49,188],"alleviate":[50,190],"divergence":[53],"problem":[54],"increasing":[56],"signal-to-noise":[58],"ratio":[59],"state-parameter":[62],"covariance.":[63],"In":[64,203],"this":[65],"study,":[66],"we":[67],"proposed":[68],"new":[70,84],"based":[73],"on":[74,111],"local":[76],"ensemble":[77],"transform":[78],"Kalman":[79],"filter":[80],"(LETKF).":[81],"With":[82,131],"scheme,":[85],"Zebiak\u2013Cane":[87],"(Z-C)":[88],"parameters":[90,144,208],"were":[91,117,145],"estimated":[92],"assimilating":[94],"sea":[96],"surface":[97],"temperature":[98],"anomaly":[99],"(SSTA)":[100],"data.":[101],"The":[102],"effectiveness":[103],"its":[109],"influence":[110],"El":[112],"Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern":[113],"Oscillation":[114],"(ENSO)":[115],"evaluated":[118],"observation":[121],"system":[122],"experiments":[124],"(OSSE)":[125],"framework":[126],"real-world":[128,204],"scenario,":[129],"respectively.":[130],"utilization":[133],"OSSE":[136],"framework,":[137],"results":[139],"showed":[140],"successfully":[146],"estimated.":[147],"reduced":[150],"when":[154],"compared":[155],"with":[156],"only":[157],"state":[158],"(onlySE);":[160],"however,":[161],"multiple":[162],"(MPE)":[165],"further":[166,234],"improved":[167,210],"ENSO":[169,198,212],"skill":[171],"providing":[173],"better":[174],"initial":[175],"conditions":[176],"values":[179],"than":[180],"single":[182],"(SPE).":[185],"spring":[192],"barrier":[194],"(SPB)":[195],"phenomenon":[196],"certain":[201],"extent.":[202],"experiments,":[205],"optimized":[207],"significantly":[209],"forecasting":[213],"skill,":[214],"primarily":[215],"warm":[219],"events.":[220],"This":[221],"study":[222],"provides":[223],"effective":[225],"strategy":[228],"climate":[231,235],"models":[232],"predictions":[236],"real":[239],"world.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
