{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204809120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193843","title":"Mapping Forest Burn Extent from Hyperspatial Imagery Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Mapping Forest Burn Extent from Hyperspatial Imagery Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204809120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193843","mag":"3204809120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193843","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3843/pdf?version=1632741823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3843/pdf?version=1632741823","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014740874","display_name":"Dale Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-6512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83578353","display_name":"Northwest Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bry7z39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dale Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023041497","display_name":"Kamden L. Brothers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83578353","display_name":"Northwest Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bry7z39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamden Brothers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057759035","display_name":"Cole McCall","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83578353","display_name":"Northwest Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bry7z39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cole McCall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060620182","display_name":"Bryn Gautier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83578353","display_name":"Northwest Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bry7z39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryn Gautier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029885071","display_name":"Tyler Shea","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83578353","display_name":"Northwest Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bry7z39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyler Shea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014740874"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83578353"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8609,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84962775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"19","first_page":"3843","last_page":"3843"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6271759271621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6014108657836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5864684581756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.570749819278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.566632866859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5657690167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5357949137687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5297452211380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45338428020477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22821345925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1876416802406311}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6271759271621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6014108657836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5864684581756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.570749819278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.566632866859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5657690167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5357949137687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5297452211380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45338428020477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22821345925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1876416802406311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193843","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3843/pdf?version=1632741823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89be4c97d03644d490c3bdba349e40ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89be4c97d03644d490c3bdba349e40ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 19, p 3843 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/19/3843/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 19; Pages: 3843","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193843","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3843/pdf?version=1632741823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2085852823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-CS-11040200-0025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","funder_display_name":"U.S. Forest Service"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","display_name":"U.S. Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204809120.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204809120.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131359794","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1986942231","https://openalex.org/W2005348281","https://openalex.org/W2012535361","https://openalex.org/W2047236787","https://openalex.org/W2118998371","https://openalex.org/W2126453957","https://openalex.org/W2135461080","https://openalex.org/W2138800506","https://openalex.org/W2144059664","https://openalex.org/W2408317600","https://openalex.org/W2735516584","https://openalex.org/W2753042025","https://openalex.org/W2755703862","https://openalex.org/W2911813215","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W3019451942","https://openalex.org/W3023566811","https://openalex.org/W3119886183","https://openalex.org/W3122278015","https://openalex.org/W6647084859","https://openalex.org/W6740397436","https://openalex.org/W6758724975","https://openalex.org/W7062730836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2104657898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Support":[0],"vector":[1,86],"machines":[2],"are":[3],"shown":[4],"to":[5,48,69,89,109,127],"be":[6,49,67],"highly":[7],"effective":[8],"in":[9,16,24,95,113,143,169],"mapping":[10,147,172],"burn":[11,65,145,151,170],"extent":[12,146,152,171],"from":[13,155],"hyperspatial":[14],"imagery":[15],"grasslands.":[17],"Unfortunately,":[18],"this":[19],"pixel-based":[20],"method":[21],"is":[22],"hampered":[23],"forested":[25],"environments":[26],"that":[27],"have":[28,70],"experienced":[29],"low-intensity":[30],"fires":[31,47],"because":[32],"unburned":[33,160],"tree":[34,59,111,133,161],"crowns":[35,112],"obstruct":[36],"the":[37,40,103,114,129,132,137],"view":[38],"of":[39,102],"surface":[41,46,64,119,156],"vegetation.":[42],"This":[43,74,140],"obstruction":[44],"causes":[45],"misclassified":[50],"as":[51,134],"unburned.":[52],"To":[53],"account":[54],"for":[55],"misclassifying":[56],"areas":[57],"under":[58,131],"crowns,":[60,162],"trees":[61,91],"surrounded":[62,116],"by":[63,117,149,159],"can":[66],"assumed":[68],"been":[71],"burned":[72,93,118],"underneath.":[73],"effort":[75],"used":[76,108,126],"a":[77,96,164],"mask":[78],"region-based":[79],"convolutional":[80],"neural":[81],"network":[82],"(MR-CNN)":[83],"and":[84,92,105],"support":[85],"machine":[87],"(SVM)":[88],"determine":[90],"pixels":[94,130],"post-fire":[97],"forest.":[98],"The":[99],"output":[100],"classifications":[101,123],"MR-CNN":[104],"SVM":[106],"were":[107,124],"identify":[110],"image":[115],"vegetation":[120],"pixels.":[121],"These":[122],"also":[125],"label":[128],"being":[135],"within":[136],"fire\u2019s":[138],"extent.":[139],"approach":[141],"results":[142],"higher":[144],"accuracy":[148],"eliminating":[150],"false":[153],"negatives":[154],"burns":[157],"obscured":[158],"achieving":[163],"nine":[165],"percentage":[166],"point":[167],"increase":[168],"accuracy.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}
