{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204857866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","title":"An Adaptive Non-Uniform Vertical Stratification Method for Troposphere Water Vapor Tomography","display_name":"An Adaptive Non-Uniform Vertical Stratification Method for Troposphere Water Vapor Tomography","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204857866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","mag":"3204857866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055136674","display_name":"Hao Gang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-566X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022051138","display_name":"Nan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8603-8322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339839","display_name":"Wenyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-0481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022051138"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0353,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89360344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"19","first_page":"3818","last_page":"3818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratification","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","score":0.6966685652732849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5881122350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.5875155925750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.5860623121261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5583434700965881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troposphere","display_name":"Troposphere","score":0.49075159430503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4799528419971466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.4443770945072174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomographic-reconstruction","display_name":"Tomographic reconstruction","score":0.443528413772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38721954822540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.33635812997817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2944221496582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25735676288604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1501697301864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1157979965209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.11381280422210693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.6966685652732849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5881122350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.5875155925750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.5860623121261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5583434700965881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.49075159430503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4799528419971466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.4443770945072174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97742081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7820109","display_name":"Tomographic reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.443528413772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38721954822540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.33635812997817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2944221496582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25735676288604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1501697301864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1157979965209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.11381280422210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162267","display_name":"Dormancy","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2397491","display_name":"Seed dormancy","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d70ced4426e94d1aabe1adcd55c3f953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d70ced4426e94d1aabe1adcd55c3f953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 19, p 3818 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/19/3818/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13193818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3208478831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5257115104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41774026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8656844291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41730109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1968947583","https://openalex.org/W1987402796","https://openalex.org/W1994011846","https://openalex.org/W1995199641","https://openalex.org/W2001865341","https://openalex.org/W2005130093","https://openalex.org/W2020688869","https://openalex.org/W2035154002","https://openalex.org/W2036360138","https://openalex.org/W2041329681","https://openalex.org/W2045689045","https://openalex.org/W2057657463","https://openalex.org/W2064913849","https://openalex.org/W2068342176","https://openalex.org/W2070689282","https://openalex.org/W2073986617","https://openalex.org/W2086172660","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2115359869","https://openalex.org/W2127642947","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2136912939","https://openalex.org/W2158612390","https://openalex.org/W2160562042","https://openalex.org/W2166455033","https://openalex.org/W2174366170","https://openalex.org/W2312591999","https://openalex.org/W2335847757","https://openalex.org/W2512715031","https://openalex.org/W2592565876","https://openalex.org/W2749260366","https://openalex.org/W2884616543","https://openalex.org/W2885959125","https://openalex.org/W3033976508","https://openalex.org/W3040343708","https://openalex.org/W3140866261","https://openalex.org/W6632175673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391954113","https://openalex.org/W2390364763","https://openalex.org/W2009836846","https://openalex.org/W2153288593","https://openalex.org/W4389237376","https://openalex.org/W2383732916","https://openalex.org/W1893526219","https://openalex.org/W2612072902","https://openalex.org/W4321077154","https://openalex.org/W2001808352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0,168],"Navigation":[1],"Satellite":[2,181],"System":[3,170],"(GNSS)":[4],"water":[5,14,66,111,142,159,252],"vapor":[6,15,112,143,160,253],"tomography":[7],"provides":[8],"a":[9,26,87],"four-dimensional":[10],"(4-D)":[11],"distribution":[12,64,109],"of":[13,65,110,121,154,226,237,249],"in":[16,30,39,95,113,141,177],"the":[17,41,48,61,107,114,119,126,137,152,178,199,203,210,224,227,235,238,247,250,261],"atmosphere":[18],"for":[19,91],"weather":[20,32,220],"monitoring.":[21],"It":[22],"has":[23],"developed":[24],"into":[25,51],"widely":[27,76],"used":[28],"technique":[29],"numerical":[31],"prediction":[33],"(NWP).":[34],"Vertical":[35],"stratification":[36,72,92,103,128,155,201],"is":[37],"essential":[38],"discretizing":[40],"tomographic":[42,49,79,115,163,228,239,251],"region.":[43],"Traditional":[44],"discretization":[45],"methods":[46,73],"divide":[47],"area":[50],"regular":[52],"voxels":[53],"with":[54,144,243],"an":[55,100],"equal":[56],"height":[57,156],"interval,":[58],"which":[59],"ignores":[60],"dynamic":[62],"exponential":[63,108,138],"vapor.":[67],"In":[68],"recent":[69],"years,":[70],"non-uniform":[71,102],"have":[74,84],"been":[75],"validated":[77],"by":[78,215,260],"experiments.":[80],"However,":[81],"such":[82],"experiments":[83,164],"not":[85],"proposed":[86,131,211,262],"specific":[88],"calculation":[89,123],"method":[90,104],"thickness.":[93],"Therefore,":[94],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"we":[98],"introduced":[99],"adaptive":[101],"that":[105,234],"follows":[106],"region":[116],"and":[117],"presented":[118],"process":[120],"iterative":[122],"to":[124,158,189,198],"acquire":[125],"optimal":[127],"interval.":[129],"The":[130,162,193,230],"approach":[132,212],"was":[133,213,241,258],"applied":[134],"based":[135],"on":[136],"decreasing":[139],"trend":[140],"increasing":[145,244],"altitude.":[146,245],"Moreover,":[147,246],"it":[148],"could":[149],"adaptively":[150],"calculate":[151],"interval":[153],"according":[157],"content.":[161],"were":[165],"performed":[166],"using":[167],"Positioning":[169,182],"(GPS)":[171],"data":[172],"from":[173,187,209],"19":[174],"ground-based":[175],"stations":[176],"Hong":[179],"Kong":[180],"Reference":[183],"Station":[184],"Network":[185],"(SatRef)":[186],"1":[188],"31":[190],"August":[191],"2019.":[192],"results":[194,231,240],"indicated":[195],"that,":[196],"compared":[197],"traditional":[200],"method,":[202],"root":[204],"mean":[205],"square":[206],"error":[207],"derived":[208],"reduced":[214,242],"0.26":[216],"g/m3.":[217],"Additionally,":[218],"severe":[219],"can":[221],"negatively":[222],"affect":[223],"accuracy":[225,236],"results.":[229],"also":[232],"showed":[233],"performance":[248],"fields":[254],"below":[255],"3000":[256],"m":[257],"improved":[259],"approach.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}