{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196109474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183680","title":"Locating Charcoal Production Sites in Sweden Using LiDAR, Hydrological Algorithms, and Deep Learning","display_name":"Locating Charcoal Production Sites in Sweden Using LiDAR, Hydrological Algorithms, and Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196109474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183680","mag":"3196109474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183680","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3680/pdf?version=1631696844","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3680/pdf?version=1631696844","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028769795","display_name":"Dylan S. Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5783-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dylan S. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084409152","display_name":"Julius Lundin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119888","display_name":"National Historical Museums","ror":"https://ror.org/02b028e39","country_code":"SE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119888"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Lundin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arkeologerna, Statens Historiska Museer, 226 60 Lund, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arkeologerna, Statens Historiska Museer, 226 60 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119888"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028769795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.6578,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96900585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"18","first_page":"3680","last_page":"3680"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charcoal","display_name":"Charcoal","score":0.6937633752822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.659199059009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6019980311393738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.588074803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5553923845291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4537891745567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.422237753868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37770652770996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3443211317062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33187341690063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18448036909103394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526406351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177463","display_name":"Charcoal","level":2,"score":0.6937633752822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.659199059009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6019980311393738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.588074803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5553923845291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4537891745567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.422237753868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37770652770996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3443211317062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33187341690063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18448036909103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183680","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3680/pdf?version=1631696844","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:795a035574594d9a8e78b030857f4a9c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/795a035574594d9a8e78b030857f4a9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 18, p 3680 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/18/3680/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 18; Pages: 3680","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183680","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3680/pdf?version=1631696844","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323521","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 H\u00f6gskola","ror":"https://ror.org/05wp7an13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196109474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196109474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1886711746","https://openalex.org/W1888265771","https://openalex.org/W1967170621","https://openalex.org/W2000727201","https://openalex.org/W2017723084","https://openalex.org/W2331994620","https://openalex.org/W2339652516","https://openalex.org/W2346186328","https://openalex.org/W2406607666","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2735379888","https://openalex.org/W2748889844","https://openalex.org/W2767523938","https://openalex.org/W2807045604","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2898318323","https://openalex.org/W2900891442","https://openalex.org/W2903009718","https://openalex.org/W2922858103","https://openalex.org/W2925480424","https://openalex.org/W2938560564","https://openalex.org/W2944630737","https://openalex.org/W2946058425","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2969502539","https://openalex.org/W2998071530","https://openalex.org/W3011682378","https://openalex.org/W3026572552","https://openalex.org/W3040653281","https://openalex.org/W3040955205","https://openalex.org/W3081330261","https://openalex.org/W3092108032","https://openalex.org/W3093852944","https://openalex.org/W3094308813","https://openalex.org/W3096803387","https://openalex.org/W3097580311","https://openalex.org/W3106605108","https://openalex.org/W3127593607","https://openalex.org/W3152873852","https://openalex.org/W3177862120","https://openalex.org/W3205658293","https://openalex.org/W6637657998","https://openalex.org/W6745586213","https://openalex.org/W6755785506","https://openalex.org/W6784194169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,5,13,29,73,110,176,181,202],"past":[2],"several":[3],"centuries,":[4],"iron":[6,26,182],"industry":[7,183],"played":[8],"a":[9,91,106,129],"central":[10],"role":[11],"in":[12,37,44,55,81,90],"economy":[14],"of":[15,19,25,31,94,109,131,175,180,204],"Sweden":[16],"and":[17,48,60,113,192],"much":[18],"northern":[20],"Europe.":[21,186],"A":[22],"crucial":[23],"component":[24],"manufacturing":[27],"was":[28,34],"production":[30,120],"charcoal,":[32],"which":[33,136,167],"often":[35],"created":[36],"charcoal":[38,52,83,119,158],"piles.":[39],"These":[40,51],"features":[41],"are":[42,67,137],"visible":[43],"LiDAR":[45,165],"(light":[46],"detection":[47],"ranging)":[49],"datasets.":[50],"piles":[53,84,159],"vary":[54],"their":[56],"morphology":[57],"by":[58],"region,":[59],"training":[61,87,116,212],"data":[62,88,117],"for":[63,75,118,150,171,190,197],"some":[64],"feature":[65],"types":[66],"severely":[68],"lacking.":[69],"Here,":[70],"we":[71,123],"investigate":[72],"potential":[74],"machine":[76],"automation":[77],"to":[78,104,127,207],"aid":[79],"archaeologists":[80],"recording":[82],"with":[85],"limited":[86],"availability":[89],"forested":[92],"region":[93,112],"J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping":[95],"County,":[96],"Sweden.":[97],"We":[98],"first":[99],"use":[100,124,203],"hydrological":[101],"depression":[102],"algorithms":[103],"conduct":[105],"preliminary":[107],"assessment":[108],"study":[111],"compile":[114],"suitable":[115,211],"sites.":[121],"Then,":[122],"these":[125],"datasets":[126],"train":[128],"series":[130],"RetinaNet":[132],"deep":[133,144,194],"learning":[134,145,195],"models,":[135],"less":[138],"computationally":[139],"expensive":[140],"than":[141],"many":[142],"popular":[143],"architectures":[146],"(e.g.,":[147],"R-CNNs),":[148],"allowing":[149],"greater":[151],"usability.":[152],"Together,":[153],"our":[154,173,188],"results":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"how":[157],"can":[160,200],"be":[161],"automatically":[162],"extracted":[163],"from":[164],"datasets,":[166],"has":[168],"great":[169],"implications":[170],"improving":[172],"understanding":[174],"long-term":[177],"environmental":[178],"impact":[179],"across":[184],"Northern":[185],"Furthermore,":[187],"workflow":[189],"developing":[191],"implementing":[193],"models":[196],"archaeological":[198],"research":[199],"expand":[201],"such":[205],"methods":[206],"regions":[208],"that":[209],"lack":[210],"data.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-08-30T00:00:00"}
