{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199504100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183657","title":"A National-Scale 1-km Resolution PM2.5 Estimation Model over Japan Using MAIAC AOD and a Two-Stage Random Forest Model","display_name":"A National-Scale 1-km Resolution PM2.5 Estimation Model over Japan Using MAIAC AOD and a Two-Stage Random Forest Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199504100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183657","mag":"3199504100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183657","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3657/pdf?version=1631592309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3657/pdf?version=1631592309","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081683605","display_name":"Chau\u2010Ren Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-9968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200202764","display_name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/02hw5fp67","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"]}],"countries":["JP","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau-Ren Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan","Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan","Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687511","display_name":"Wei\u2010Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-0933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103011643","display_name":"Shoji F. Nakayama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-0389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200202764","display_name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/02hw5fp67","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shoji F. Nakayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan","Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103011643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200202764"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86055293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"18","first_page":"3657","last_page":"3657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6472710371017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5701261162757874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-correction","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","score":0.48480311036109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.45806437730789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4394233822822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4293232858181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4033733606338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.35863906145095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.35269761085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2232462465763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21913835406303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20718401670455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10920101404190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10757866501808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09894928336143494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6472710371017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5701261162757874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778329001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817104","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","level":3,"score":0.48480311036109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.45806437730789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4394233822822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4293232858181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4033733606338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.35863906145095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.35269761085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2232462465763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21913835406303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20718401670455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10920101404190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10757866501808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09894928336143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183657","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3657/pdf?version=1631592309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c63d33b780e24b8dadc78b6b8aa10e6e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c63d33b780e24b8dadc78b6b8aa10e6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 18, p 3657 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/18/3657/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 18; Pages: 3657","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183657","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3657/pdf?version=1631592309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199504100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199504100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W1173523477","https://openalex.org/W1636904928","https://openalex.org/W1940238987","https://openalex.org/W1976991085","https://openalex.org/W2011740524","https://openalex.org/W2020290052","https://openalex.org/W2024355140","https://openalex.org/W2066544083","https://openalex.org/W2075924373","https://openalex.org/W2080928118","https://openalex.org/W2098294355","https://openalex.org/W2103977502","https://openalex.org/W2130232319","https://openalex.org/W2154132490","https://openalex.org/W2161669929","https://openalex.org/W2261936125","https://openalex.org/W2284873887","https://openalex.org/W2294879709","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2314479789","https://openalex.org/W2323483937","https://openalex.org/W2474867949","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2531022405","https://openalex.org/W2569375854","https://openalex.org/W2620300958","https://openalex.org/W2742946820","https://openalex.org/W2765989280","https://openalex.org/W2769323054","https://openalex.org/W2770764426","https://openalex.org/W2790202404","https://openalex.org/W2794543278","https://openalex.org/W2800133189","https://openalex.org/W2804076223","https://openalex.org/W2865430977","https://openalex.org/W2889401085","https://openalex.org/W2890660608","https://openalex.org/W2909938372","https://openalex.org/W2912750253","https://openalex.org/W2914877608","https://openalex.org/W2931355552","https://openalex.org/W2940897106","https://openalex.org/W2944043120","https://openalex.org/W2954482899","https://openalex.org/W2967875323","https://openalex.org/W2990705976","https://openalex.org/W2990855735","https://openalex.org/W2990974130","https://openalex.org/W3007989640","https://openalex.org/W3014944122","https://openalex.org/W3015976670","https://openalex.org/W3043856293","https://openalex.org/W3097445852","https://openalex.org/W3110079138","https://openalex.org/W3115718424","https://openalex.org/W3132866716","https://openalex.org/W3134421133","https://openalex.org/W3163076975","https://openalex.org/W3166996914","https://openalex.org/W6610017368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W2065620047","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4382982879","https://openalex.org/W4385380152","https://openalex.org/W4311044000","https://openalex.org/W2029471369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite-based":[0],"models":[1],"for":[2,253],"estimating":[3,254],"concentrations":[4,257],"of":[5,33,54,156,172,175,184,196,236,260,292,324],"particulate":[6],"matter":[7],"with":[8,23,46,62,90,218,231],"an":[9],"aerodynamic":[10],"diameter":[11],"less":[12],"than":[13],"2.5":[14],"\u03bcm":[15],"(PM2.5)":[16],"have":[17],"seldom":[18],"been":[19],"developed":[20,68],"in":[21,65,148,288,329],"islands":[22],"complex":[24],"topography":[25],"over":[26],"the":[27,31,39,47,101,112,135,160,166,188,191,197,212,215,219,223,241,261,293,305,319],"monsoon":[28],"area,":[29],"where":[30],"transport":[32],"PM2.5":[34,80,127,256,301,325],"is":[35],"influenced":[36],"by":[37],"both":[38,318],"synoptic-scale":[40],"winds":[41],"and":[42,67,75,93,145,154,177,194,201,222,279,309,321],"local-scale":[43],"circulations":[44],"compared":[45],"continental":[48],"regions.":[49],"We":[50],"validated":[51],"Multi-Angle":[52],"Implementation":[53],"Atmospheric":[55],"Correction":[56],"(MAIAC)":[57],"aerosol":[58],"optical":[59],"depth":[60],"(AOD)":[61],"ground":[63,126,146,255],"observations":[64],"Japan":[66,149],"a":[69,169,178,232],"1-km-resolution":[70],"national-scale":[71],"model":[72,86,107,120,136,164,167,198,213,224,242,295,306],"between":[73,142],"2011":[74],"2016":[76],"to":[77,99,110,124,133,210,316],"estimate":[78,125],"daily":[79],"concentrations.":[81,128],"A":[82,205],"two-stage":[83],"random":[84,105,118],"forest":[85,106,119],"integrating":[87],"MAIAC":[88,143,282],"AOD":[89,114,144,247,283],"meteorological":[91],"variables":[92],"land":[94],"use":[95],"data":[96,157],"was":[97,108,121,131,139,208,226,296],"applied":[98],"develop":[100],"model.":[102],"The":[103,116,249,290],"first-stage":[104],"used":[109,209,315],"impute":[111],"missing":[113],"values.":[115],"second-stage":[117],"then":[122],"utilised":[123],"Ten-fold":[129],"cross-validation":[130,192],"performed":[132],"evaluate":[134],"performance.":[137],"There":[138],"good":[140],"consistency":[141],"truth":[147],"(correlation":[150],"coefficient":[151,171],"=":[152],"0.82":[153],"74.62%":[155],"falling":[158],"within":[159],"expected":[161],"error).":[162],"For":[163,187],"training,":[165],"showed":[168,284,299],"training":[170],"determination":[173],"(R2)":[174],"0.98":[176],"root":[179],"mean":[180],"square":[181],"error":[182],"(RMSE)":[183,235],"1.22":[185],"\u03bcg/m3.":[186],"10-fold":[189],"cross-validation,":[190],"R2":[193,234],"RMSE":[195],"were":[199,258,307],"0.86":[200],"3.02":[202],"\u03bcg/m3,":[203],"respectively.":[204],"subsite":[206],"validation":[207,233],"validate":[211],"at":[214,228],"grids":[216],"overlapping":[217],"AERONET":[220],"sites,":[221],"performance":[225,243,291],"excellent":[227],"these":[229],"sites":[230],"0.94":[237],"(1.78":[238],"\u03bcg/m3).":[239],"Additionally,":[240],"increased":[244,246],"as":[245],"coverage.":[248],"top-ten":[250],"important":[251],"predictors":[252],"day":[259],"year,":[262],"temperature,":[263],"AOD,":[264],"relative":[265],"humidity,":[266],"10-m-height":[267,270],"zonal":[268],"wind,":[269,272],"meridional":[271],"boundary":[273],"layer":[274],"height,":[275],"precipitation,":[276],"surface":[277],"pressure,":[278],"population":[280],"density.":[281],"high":[285],"retrieval":[286],"accuracy":[287],"Japan.":[289],"satellite-based":[294],"excellent,":[297],"which":[298],"that":[300],"estimates":[302,312],"derived":[303],"from":[304],"reliable":[308],"accurate.":[310],"These":[311],"can":[313],"be":[314],"assess":[317],"short-term":[320],"long-term":[322],"effects":[323],"on":[326],"health":[327],"outcomes":[328],"epidemiological":[330],"studies.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}