{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200825310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183645","title":"Spatial Downscaling of Land Surface Temperature over Heterogeneous Regions Using Random Forest Regression Considering Spatial Features","display_name":"Spatial Downscaling of Land Surface Temperature over Heterogeneous Regions Using Random Forest Regression Considering Spatial Features","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200825310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183645","mag":"3200825310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183645","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3645/pdf?version=1631602392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3645/pdf?version=1631602392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075503119","display_name":"Kai Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6100-4441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045141230","display_name":"Hongchun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3506-0017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongchun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009531279","display_name":"Ping Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8793-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045141230"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.1023,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85838222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"18","first_page":"3645","last_page":"3645"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.9564467668533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5858968496322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5422900319099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5087130665779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.48126620054244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.4752759039402008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.43833762407302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4007589817047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.2955590486526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25409919023513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21429166197776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18024680018424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.17218202352523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1526404619216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12679606676101685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.9564467668533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5858968496322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5422900319099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5087130665779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.48126620054244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.4752759039402008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.43833762407302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4007589817047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2955590486526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25409919023513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21429166197776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18024680018424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.17218202352523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1526404619216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12679606676101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183645","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3645/pdf?version=1631602392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dee892176a9a4f9d90c4b4ddac53d4b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dee892176a9a4f9d90c4b4ddac53d4b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 18, p 3645 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/18/3645/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 18; Pages: 3645","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183645","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3645/pdf?version=1631602392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G420140842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC1407605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7058350159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200825310.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200825310.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507948144","https://openalex.org/W1510403342","https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1966383444","https://openalex.org/W1970515153","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1977097565","https://openalex.org/W1983002255","https://openalex.org/W1990330790","https://openalex.org/W1991969593","https://openalex.org/W2000102737","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2006273284","https://openalex.org/W2012686349","https://openalex.org/W2014630223","https://openalex.org/W2021365919","https://openalex.org/W2023306858","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2034193527","https://openalex.org/W2040638734","https://openalex.org/W2044387250","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2045066934","https://openalex.org/W2048006756","https://openalex.org/W2052883874","https://openalex.org/W2056811372","https://openalex.org/W2058529145","https://openalex.org/W2061929982","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2077611149","https://openalex.org/W2088603520","https://openalex.org/W2088928212","https://openalex.org/W2096885759","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2107728216","https://openalex.org/W2111496197","https://openalex.org/W2113431669","https://openalex.org/W2116327754","https://openalex.org/W2119204870","https://openalex.org/W2124073857","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2140964565","https://openalex.org/W2153989276","https://openalex.org/W2154290668","https://openalex.org/W2155553137","https://openalex.org/W2156049446","https://openalex.org/W2172120354","https://openalex.org/W2200350976","https://openalex.org/W2290137763","https://openalex.org/W2301692565","https://openalex.org/W2303808402","https://openalex.org/W2344328155","https://openalex.org/W2500249665","https://openalex.org/W2507428124","https://openalex.org/W2589460290","https://openalex.org/W2615806692","https://openalex.org/W2741291720","https://openalex.org/W2766635578","https://openalex.org/W2774210648","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2791922821","https://openalex.org/W2795018073","https://openalex.org/W2796618135","https://openalex.org/W2804583155","https://openalex.org/W2808839797","https://openalex.org/W2909372683","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2915231377","https://openalex.org/W2918246750","https://openalex.org/W2948277285","https://openalex.org/W2948897155","https://openalex.org/W2949744317","https://openalex.org/W2951572255","https://openalex.org/W2953978338","https://openalex.org/W2955928210","https://openalex.org/W2963663407","https://openalex.org/W2972122774","https://openalex.org/W2974432251","https://openalex.org/W2980656467","https://openalex.org/W2983638582","https://openalex.org/W3014010301","https://openalex.org/W3027170800","https://openalex.org/W3034422010","https://openalex.org/W3034933863","https://openalex.org/W3090526350","https://openalex.org/W3094658932","https://openalex.org/W3101083433","https://openalex.org/W3122266031","https://openalex.org/W3122817556","https://openalex.org/W3131722103","https://openalex.org/W3138394985","https://openalex.org/W3144401390","https://openalex.org/W3153948677","https://openalex.org/W3160256631","https://openalex.org/W3161321395","https://openalex.org/W3164587934","https://openalex.org/W3165822366","https://openalex.org/W6661686568","https://openalex.org/W6697973350","https://openalex.org/W6794822160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043","https://openalex.org/W769766909","https://openalex.org/W2349440800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"surface":[1,72],"temperature":[2],"(LST)":[3],"is":[4,26,47],"one":[5],"of":[6,14,30,34,97,116,169,184,201],"the":[7,11,15,31,95,113,129,164,167,170,178,181,199],"crucial":[8],"parameters":[9],"in":[10,65,92,104,158,191,198,207,216],"physical":[12],"processes":[13],"Earth.":[16],"Acquiring":[17],"LST":[18,40,60,171,230],"images":[19],"with":[20,128,176],"high":[21],"spatial":[22,45,56,114,172],"and":[23,81,87,126,146,160,211],"temporal":[24],"resolutions":[25],"currently":[27],"difficult":[28],"because":[29],"technical":[32],"restriction":[33],"satellite":[35],"thermal":[36,138],"infrared":[37],"sensors.":[38],"Downscaling":[39],"from":[41,102,131,166],"coarse":[42],"to":[43,51,121,163,188,195,204,213],"fine":[44],"resolution":[46],"an":[48],"effective":[49],"means":[50],"alleviate":[52],"this":[53,66],"problem.":[54],"A":[55],"random":[57,147],"forest":[58,148],"downscaling":[59,107,149,182,231],"method":[61],"(SRFD)":[62],"was":[63,109,119],"proposed":[64],"study.":[67],"Abundant":[68],"predictor":[69],"variables\u2014including":[70],"land":[71,82],"reflection":[73],"data,":[74],"remote":[75],"sensing":[76],"spectral":[77],"indexes,":[78],"terrain":[79],"factors,":[80],"cover":[83],"type":[84],"data\u2014were":[85],"considered":[86],"applied":[88,120],"for":[89],"feature":[90,115],"selection":[91],"SRFD.":[93],"Moreover,":[94],"shortcoming":[96],"only":[98],"focusing":[99],"on":[100],"information":[101],"point-to-point":[103],"previous":[105],"statistics-based":[106],"methods":[108,157],"supplemented":[110],"by":[111],"adding":[112],"LST.":[117],"SRFD":[118,154,185,225],"three":[122,132],"different":[123],"heterogeneous":[124],"regions":[125],"compared":[127,175],"results":[130,183],"classical":[133],"or":[134],"excellent":[135],"methods,":[136],"including":[137],"image":[139],"sharpening":[140],"algorithm,":[141],"multifactor":[142],"geographically":[143],"weighted":[144],"regression,":[145],"method.":[150,232],"Results":[151],"show":[152],"that":[153,224],"outperforms":[155],"other":[156],"vision":[159],"statistics":[161],"due":[162],"benefits":[165],"supplement":[168],"feature.":[173],"Specifically,":[174],"RFD,":[177],"second-best":[179],"method,":[180],"are":[186],"10%":[187],"24%":[189],"lower":[190,206],"root-mean-square":[192],"error,":[193,210],"5%":[194],"20%":[196],"higher":[197,215],"coefficient":[200],"determination,":[202],"11%":[203],"25%":[205],"mean":[208],"absolute":[209],"4%":[212],"17%":[214],"structural":[217],"similarity":[218],"index":[219],"measure.":[220],"Hence,":[221],"we":[222],"conclude":[223],"will":[226],"be":[227],"a":[228],"promising":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2021-09-27T00:00:00"}