{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197956558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183562","title":"Fine-Scale Sea Ice Segmentation for High-Resolution Satellite Imagery with Weakly-Supervised CNNs","display_name":"Fine-Scale Sea Ice Segmentation for High-Resolution Satellite Imagery with Weakly-Supervised CNNs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197956558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183562","mag":"3197956558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183562","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3562/pdf?version=1631076054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3562/pdf?version=1631076054","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090461618","display_name":"Bento Collares Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-8293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bento C. Gon\u00e7alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA","Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078210453","display_name":"Heather J. Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather J. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA","Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090461618"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.4283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80296547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"18","first_page":"3562","last_page":"3562"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5938319563865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.583571195602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.5417400598526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5127726197242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5064347982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49799013137817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed","display_name":"Watershed","score":0.44782084226608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4442400634288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.40123751759529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3659905195236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2994025945663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1651841104030609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.09698072075843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09123656153678894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5938319563865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.583571195602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.5417400598526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5127726197242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5064347982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49799013137817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.44782084226608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4442400634288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.40123751759529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3659905195236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2994025945663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1651841104030609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.09698072075843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09123656153678894}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183562","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3562/pdf?version=1631076054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd47f0d040b14b34974a68ca355509c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd47f0d040b14b34974a68ca355509c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 18, p 3562 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/18/3562/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 18; Pages: 3562","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13183562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183562","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3562/pdf?version=1631076054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331904","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197956558.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197956558.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545219523","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1976012308","https://openalex.org/W1978079414","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W2002101446","https://openalex.org/W2002312361","https://openalex.org/W2015827190","https://openalex.org/W2021954208","https://openalex.org/W2037497238","https://openalex.org/W2054100321","https://openalex.org/W2063093906","https://openalex.org/W2072189936","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2128332833","https://openalex.org/W2156739270","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2754558739","https://openalex.org/W2792135991","https://openalex.org/W2799805314","https://openalex.org/W2884166952","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2900119926","https://openalex.org/W2915254566","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2974652835","https://openalex.org/W3021288641","https://openalex.org/W3038091703","https://openalex.org/W3040593397","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3112139896","https://openalex.org/W3147886766","https://openalex.org/W3153376936","https://openalex.org/W3157221545","https://openalex.org/W3168688383","https://openalex.org/W3177330184","https://openalex.org/W3183684520","https://openalex.org/W4247505106","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W7001034472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2493062119","https://openalex.org/W1980614686","https://openalex.org/W1992288292","https://openalex.org/W4387955966","https://openalex.org/W2144571534","https://openalex.org/W1134571055","https://openalex.org/W214080024","https://openalex.org/W2045564889","https://openalex.org/W2343332128","https://openalex.org/W2364060089"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fine-scale":[0],"sea":[1,25,34,55],"ice":[2,26,35,49,62,84,241],"conditions":[3],"are":[4,173],"key":[5],"to":[6,9,22,42,82,121,198,217],"our":[7,106,129,180],"efforts":[8],"understand":[10],"and":[11,57,100,209,239,250],"model":[12,222],"climate":[13],"change.":[14],"We":[15,70,126],"propose":[16,71],"the":[17,43,67,101,156,171,194],"first":[18],"deep":[19],"learning":[20],"pipeline":[21,73,233,270],"extract":[23],"fine-scale":[24],"layers":[27],"from":[28,36,47,66,88],"high-resolution":[29],"satellite":[30,91],"imagery":[31,37],"(Worldview-3).":[32],"Extracting":[33],"is":[38,234,271],"often":[39],"challenging":[40],"due":[41],"potentially":[44],"complex":[45],"texture":[46],"older":[48],"floes":[50,63,242],"(i.e.,":[51],"floating":[52],"chunks":[53],"of":[54,114,137,155,205,229,236,248],"ice)":[56],"surrounding":[58,68],"slush":[59],"ice,":[60],"making":[61],"less":[64],"distinctive":[65],"water.":[69],"a":[72,75,79,95,122,133,141,152,161,244,252,267],"using":[74],"U-Net":[76],"variant":[77],"with":[78,94,132,190,263],"Resnet":[80],"encoder":[81],"retrieve":[83],"floe":[85],"pixel":[86],"masks":[87,150],"very-high-resolution":[89],"multispectral":[90],"imagery.":[92],"Even":[93],"modest-sized":[96],"hand-labeled":[97],"training":[98,130],"set":[99,131],"most":[102],"basic":[103],"hyperparameter":[104],"choices,":[105],"CNN-based":[107],"approach":[108],"attains":[109],"an":[110,203,225],"out-of-sample":[111,195,226],"F1":[112,196,227],"score":[113,197,228],"0.698\u2013a":[115],"nearly":[116],"60%":[117],"improvement":[118],"when":[119,188],"compared":[120,189],"watershed":[123,142,147],"segmentation":[124,143,269],"baseline.":[125],"then":[127],"supplement":[128],"much":[134],"larger":[135],"sample":[136],"images":[138],"weak-labeled":[139,166],"by":[140,175],"algorithm.":[144],"To":[145],"ensure":[146],"derived":[148],"pack-ice":[149],"were":[151],"good":[153],"representation":[154],"underlying":[157],"images,":[158],"we":[159,201],"created":[160],"synthetic":[162,181],"version":[163],"for":[164,214,254],"each":[165],"image,":[167],"where":[168,257],"areas":[169],"outside":[170],"mask":[172],"replaced":[174],"open":[176],"water":[177],"scenery.":[178],"Adding":[179],"image":[182],"dataset,":[183],"obtained":[184,262],"at":[185,243],"minimal":[186],"effort":[187],"hand-labeling,":[191],"further":[192],"improves":[193],"0.734.":[199],"Finally,":[200],"use":[202],"ensemble":[204],"four":[206],"test":[207],"metrics":[208],"evaluated":[210],"after":[211],"mosaicing":[212],"outputs":[213],"entire":[215],"scenes":[216],"mimic":[218],"production":[219],"setting":[220],"during":[221],"selection,":[223],"reaching":[224],"0.753.":[230],"Our":[231],"fully-automated":[232],"capable":[235],"detecting,":[237],"monitoring,":[238],"segmenting":[240],"very":[245],"fine":[246],"level":[247],"detail,":[249],"provides":[251],"roadmap":[253],"other":[255],"use-cases":[256],"partial":[258],"results":[259],"can":[260],"be":[261],"threshold-based":[264],"methods":[265],"but":[266],"context-robust":[268],"desired.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}