{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198831078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173517","title":"Development and Testing of a UAV-Based Multi-Sensor System for Plant Phenotyping and Precision Agriculture","display_name":"Development and Testing of a UAV-Based Multi-Sensor System for Plant Phenotyping and Precision Agriculture","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198831078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173517","mag":"3198831078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173517","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3517/pdf?version=1631014873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3517/pdf?version=1631014873","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063782339","display_name":"Rui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-2503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bio-Sensing and Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bio-Sensing and Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007872497","display_name":"Changying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2590-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bio-Sensing and Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","Phenomics and Plant Robotics Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bio-Sensing and Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics and Plant Robotics Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028728739","display_name":"S\u00e9rgio Bernardes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8893-1939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Bernardes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Geospatial Research, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","Phenomics and Plant Robotics Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Geospatial Research, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics and Plant Robotics Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA WJXF 63, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007872497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.8898,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95370154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"17","first_page":"3517","last_page":"3517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.735905647277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.7353237867355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.714161217212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.6454320549964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5677767992019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.49805641174316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-acquisition","display_name":"Data acquisition","score":0.4819050133228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4808136224746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4515572488307953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.4293006360530853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.41948631405830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.41783300042152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.2545285224914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.18477898836135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0907595157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.08802607655525208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08353739976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.07363507151603699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.735905647277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.7353237867355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.714161217212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.6454320549964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5677767992019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49805641174316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4819050133228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4808136224746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4515572488307953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.4293006360530853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.41948631405830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.41783300042152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.2545285224914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.18477898836135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0907595157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.08802607655525208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08353739976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.07363507151603699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173517","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3517/pdf?version=1631014873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd8d6d79d7284912a25008951b4610e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd8d6d79d7284912a25008951b4610e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 17, p 3517 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/17/3517/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 17; Pages: 3517","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173517","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3517/pdf?version=1631014873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2181094832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-67021-25928","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3578911661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-67021-25928","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5620962805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"67021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198831078.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198831078.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1462825729","https://openalex.org/W1516502116","https://openalex.org/W1877055327","https://openalex.org/W1966579280","https://openalex.org/W1969234587","https://openalex.org/W1982026899","https://openalex.org/W1987026982","https://openalex.org/W1991739869","https://openalex.org/W1995196615","https://openalex.org/W2012420936","https://openalex.org/W2046434485","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2067877300","https://openalex.org/W2068540749","https://openalex.org/W2085000497","https://openalex.org/W2097536090","https://openalex.org/W2098609963","https://openalex.org/W2125046577","https://openalex.org/W2139851675","https://openalex.org/W2145675077","https://openalex.org/W2154083639","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2313974443","https://openalex.org/W2400716253","https://openalex.org/W2479938810","https://openalex.org/W2565531507","https://openalex.org/W2728224506","https://openalex.org/W2731050796","https://openalex.org/W2767657507","https://openalex.org/W2768153469","https://openalex.org/W2768558813","https://openalex.org/W2771109528","https://openalex.org/W2783919861","https://openalex.org/W2790875963","https://openalex.org/W2792783324","https://openalex.org/W2884040439","https://openalex.org/W2913373042","https://openalex.org/W2917035942","https://openalex.org/W2922104401","https://openalex.org/W2934229382","https://openalex.org/W2947446681","https://openalex.org/W2951898785","https://openalex.org/W2964415981","https://openalex.org/W2979531829","https://openalex.org/W2979824366","https://openalex.org/W2991429304","https://openalex.org/W3007045993","https://openalex.org/W3011464803","https://openalex.org/W3014497710","https://openalex.org/W3022843305","https://openalex.org/W3035725720","https://openalex.org/W3037417372","https://openalex.org/W3081467271","https://openalex.org/W3084320300","https://openalex.org/W3132104078","https://openalex.org/W6666487912","https://openalex.org/W6747907865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W2771047279","https://openalex.org/W4388409104","https://openalex.org/W3207046288","https://openalex.org/W3023446922","https://openalex.org/W4324030030","https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4403391793","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W283587633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1,40,77],"vehicles":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"used":[5],"widely":[6],"in":[7,142],"plant":[8,193],"phenotyping":[9],"and":[10,31,48,50,60,93,109,115,122,131,159,195],"precision":[11,196],"agriculture.":[12],"Several":[13],"critical":[14],"challenges":[15],"remain,":[16],"however,":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"the":[20,67,74,90,99,128,187],"lack":[21],"of":[22,73,156,167],"cross-platform":[23],"data":[24,32,58,83,92,140],"acquisition":[25,55],"software":[26,56],"system,":[27],"sensor":[28],"calibration":[29],"protocols,":[30],"processing":[33,84],"methods.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"developed":[37,126],"an":[38],"unmanned":[39,76],"system":[41,78,135,188],"that":[42,186],"integrates":[43],"three":[44],"cameras":[45],"(RGB,":[46],"multispectral,":[47,130],"thermal)":[49],"a":[51,143,152,163],"LiDAR":[52],"sensor.":[53],"Data":[54],"supporting":[57],"recording":[59],"visualization":[61],"was":[62,79,86,136,180],"implemented":[63],"to":[64,88,94,170],"run":[65],"on":[66],"Robot":[68],"Operating":[69],"System.":[70],"The":[71,134,173,183],"design":[72],"multi-sensor":[75],"open":[80],"sourced.":[81],"A":[82],"pipeline":[85],"proposed":[87],"preprocess":[89],"raw":[91],"extract":[95],"phenotypic":[96],"traits":[97,104],"at":[98],"plot":[100],"level,":[101],"including":[102],"morphological":[103],"(canopy":[105],"height,":[106],"canopy":[107,110,112,116,160,178],"cover,":[108],"volume),":[111],"vegetation":[113],"index,":[114],"temperature.":[117],"Protocols":[118],"for":[119,127,176,192],"both":[120],"field":[121],"laboratory":[123],"calibrations":[124],"were":[125],"RGB,":[129],"thermal":[132,149],"cameras.":[133],"validated":[137],"using":[138],"ground":[139,171],"collected":[141],"cotton":[144],"field.":[145],"Temperatures":[146],"derived":[147],"from":[148],"images":[150],"had":[151,162],"mean":[153,164],"absolute":[154],"error":[155,166,175],"1.02":[157],"\u00b0C,":[158],"NDVI":[161],"relative":[165],"6.6%":[168],"compared":[169],"measurements.":[172],"observed":[174],"maximum":[177],"height":[179],"0.1":[181],"m.":[182],"results":[184],"show":[185],"can":[189],"be":[190],"useful":[191],"breeding":[194],"crop":[197],"management.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-09-13T00:00:00"}
