{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197360656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504","title":"Semi-Supervised Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks for Time Series Land Cover Classification","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks for Time Series Land Cover Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197360656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504","mag":"3197360656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3504/pdf?version=1630914815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3504/pdf?version=1630914815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103219693","display_name":"Jing Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6665-5929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6665-5929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073640524","display_name":"Chao Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0071-310X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002710782","display_name":"Ji Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-579X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743778","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-479X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073640524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.5215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82396526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"17","first_page":"3504","last_page":"3504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7536830902099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6508810520172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5948015451431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5036112666130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4852259159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.45689013600349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.45489946007728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4539851248264313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.44616666436195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4334193170070648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.42370253801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.22873762249946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.1830030083656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10091513395309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0608343780040741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7536830902099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6508810520172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5948015451431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5036112666130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4852259159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.45689013600349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45489946007728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4539851248264313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.44616666436195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4334193170070648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.42370253801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.22873762249946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.1830030083656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10091513395309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0608343780040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3504/pdf?version=1630914815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b7567a827f84a7983af5d6dfa5f9f74","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b7567a827f84a7983af5d6dfa5f9f74","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 17, p 3504 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/17/3504/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3504/pdf?version=1630914815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1053941327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2090819383","display_name":"\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf\"\u573a\u666f-\u76ee\u6807\"\u534f\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41771458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3983738434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171376","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197360656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197360656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1558924169","https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1968378717","https://openalex.org/W2010478697","https://openalex.org/W2017657457","https://openalex.org/W2020290646","https://openalex.org/W2024805021","https://openalex.org/W2029185882","https://openalex.org/W2030257787","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2081345410","https://openalex.org/W2082874195","https://openalex.org/W2085549980","https://openalex.org/W2090231298","https://openalex.org/W2091285792","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2101335411","https://openalex.org/W2101659804","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2116187918","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2161570034","https://openalex.org/W2166307050","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2248723555","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2278948991","https://openalex.org/W2283002322","https://openalex.org/W2307094448","https://openalex.org/W2407655494","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2567850185","https://openalex.org/W2737391801","https://openalex.org/W2765583965","https://openalex.org/W2792827505","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2903282641","https://openalex.org/W2995766874","https://openalex.org/W3036435328","https://openalex.org/W3049074515","https://openalex.org/W3080368312","https://openalex.org/W3090245189","https://openalex.org/W3102127038","https://openalex.org/W3105409087","https://openalex.org/W3112898771","https://openalex.org/W4248710273","https://openalex.org/W6642208880","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6742348326","https://openalex.org/W6764051988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W42295635","https://openalex.org/W1973996291","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W1919101720","https://openalex.org/W2330575325","https://openalex.org/W2622688551","https://openalex.org/W1550175370","https://openalex.org/W2119012848","https://openalex.org/W1990205660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0],"series":[1,52,86,133],"images":[2,45,135,147],"with":[3,97,136],"temporal":[4,15],"features":[5],"are":[6,156],"beneficial":[7],"to":[8,187],"improve":[9],"the":[10,42,47,56,61,64,141,176],"classification":[11,109,129,189],"accuracy.":[12,190],"For":[13],"abstract":[14],"and":[16,60,105,117,148],"spatial":[17],"contextual":[18],"information,":[19],"deep":[20],"neural":[21,81],"networks":[22],"have":[23],"become":[24],"an":[25,103],"effective":[26],"method.":[27],"However,":[28],"there":[29],"is":[30,41,63,126],"usually":[31],"a":[32,75,111,118,127],"lack":[33,65],"of":[34,44,50,55,66,114,121,172,178],"sufficient":[35],"samples":[36,116],"in":[37,153],"network":[38,82],"training:":[39],"one":[40],"loss":[43],"or":[46],"discontinuous":[48],"distribution":[49],"time":[51,85,99,132,184],"data":[53,95],"because":[54],"inevitable":[57],"cloud":[58,137],"cover,":[59],"other":[62],"known":[67],"labeled":[68,115],"data.":[69],"In":[70,165],"this":[71,167],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"proposed":[74],"Semi-supervised":[76],"convolutional":[77],"Long":[78],"Short-Term":[79],"Memory":[80],"(SemiLSTM)":[83],"for":[84,131,143],"remote":[87,145],"sensing":[88,146],"images,":[89],"which":[90,139],"was":[91],"validated":[92],"on":[93],"three":[94],"sets":[96],"different":[98],"distributions.":[100],"It":[101],"achieves":[102],"accurate":[104],"automated":[106],"land":[107],"cover":[108],"via":[110],"small":[112],"number":[113,120],"large":[119],"unlabeled":[122],"samples.":[123],"Besides,":[124],"it":[125],"robust":[128],"algorithm":[130],"optical":[134],"coverage,":[138],"reduces":[140],"requirements":[142],"cloudless":[144],"can":[149],"be":[150],"widely":[151],"used":[152],"areas":[154],"that":[155],"often":[157],"obscured":[158],"by":[159],"clouds,":[160],"such":[161],"as":[162],"subtropical":[163],"areas.":[164],"conclusion,":[166],"method":[168],"makes":[169],"full":[170],"advantage":[171],"spectral-spatial-temporal":[173],"characteristics":[174],"under":[175],"condition":[177],"limited":[179],"training":[180],"samples,":[181],"especially":[182],"expanding":[183],"context":[185],"information":[186],"enhance":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
