{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197664889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173499","title":"Quality Evaluation of Digital Twins Generated Based on UAV Photogrammetry and TLS: Bridge Case Study","display_name":"Quality Evaluation of Digital Twins Generated Based on UAV Photogrammetry and TLS: Bridge Case Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197664889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173499","mag":"3197664889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3499/pdf?version=1630667324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3499/pdf?version=1630667324","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091381580","display_name":"Masoud Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077203518","display_name":"Maria Rashidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Rashidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038675401","display_name":"Vahid Mousavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0587-8221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Mousavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079422839","display_name":"Ali Karami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Karami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101476708","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9592-8191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004872071","display_name":"Bijan Samali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3426-7745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bijan Samali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004872071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":33.545,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99855834,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"17","first_page":"3499","last_page":"3499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8943382501602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.8219326734542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7875180244445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6478197574615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-station","display_name":"Total station","score":0.5039560198783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-surface","display_name":"Digital surface","score":0.46867403388023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4552955627441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40941816568374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26988619565963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11301210522651672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08984366059303284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8943382501602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.8219326734542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7875180244445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6478197574615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168498295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641296","display_name":"Total station","level":2,"score":0.5039560198783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983128922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789829","display_name":"Digital surface","level":3,"score":0.46867403388023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4552955627441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40941816568374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26988619565963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11301210522651672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08984366059303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3499/pdf?version=1630667324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6c193c9cae144c7583c80d3c19be776c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6c193c9cae144c7583c80d3c19be776c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 17, p 3499 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/17/3499/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 17; Pages: 3499","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:146488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/146488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3499/pdf?version=1630667324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197664889.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197664889.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69467390","https://openalex.org/W135207212","https://openalex.org/W1645195964","https://openalex.org/W1965262127","https://openalex.org/W1970016497","https://openalex.org/W1983405784","https://openalex.org/W1985676512","https://openalex.org/W1988317275","https://openalex.org/W2001146405","https://openalex.org/W2004809957","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2051272224","https://openalex.org/W2084934622","https://openalex.org/W2152765586","https://openalex.org/W2339160070","https://openalex.org/W2514071779","https://openalex.org/W2556648748","https://openalex.org/W2565021386","https://openalex.org/W2791247928","https://openalex.org/W2791329320","https://openalex.org/W2793229070","https://openalex.org/W2803542800","https://openalex.org/W2810063804","https://openalex.org/W2885430516","https://openalex.org/W2888554381","https://openalex.org/W2898672395","https://openalex.org/W2900019775","https://openalex.org/W2905508831","https://openalex.org/W2906576198","https://openalex.org/W2908689471","https://openalex.org/W2910066819","https://openalex.org/W2934185338","https://openalex.org/W2946815544","https://openalex.org/W2955715396","https://openalex.org/W2971462986","https://openalex.org/W2981110978","https://openalex.org/W2982386111","https://openalex.org/W2990286248","https://openalex.org/W3001180510","https://openalex.org/W3017158869","https://openalex.org/W3024266044","https://openalex.org/W3045508156","https://openalex.org/W3087086638","https://openalex.org/W3099596278","https://openalex.org/W3099725298","https://openalex.org/W3108675948","https://openalex.org/W3115547454","https://openalex.org/W3150089495","https://openalex.org/W3163506504","https://openalex.org/W3163698194","https://openalex.org/W3175418183","https://openalex.org/W3175911298","https://openalex.org/W3176893523","https://openalex.org/W3184431875","https://openalex.org/W4213273925","https://openalex.org/W4249513058","https://openalex.org/W4251147723","https://openalex.org/W6749803574","https://openalex.org/W6786122168","https://openalex.org/W7018169215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W2281664702","https://openalex.org/W4320725409","https://openalex.org/W3197614609","https://openalex.org/W1991691127","https://openalex.org/W603545731","https://openalex.org/W2350317973","https://openalex.org/W4200496450","https://openalex.org/W582986101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,70,165],"the":[1,38,44,71,88,95,103,113,205,210,245],"current":[2],"modern":[3],"era":[4],"of":[5,22,31,37,73,119,170,181,185,198,209,229,247],"information":[6],"and":[7,20,54,65,81,121,163,192,207,213,232,252],"technology,":[8],"emerging":[9],"remote":[10],"advancements":[11],"have":[12],"been":[13],"widely":[14],"established":[15],"for":[16,124],"detailed":[17],"virtual":[18],"inspections":[19],"assessments":[21,57],"infrastructure":[23],"assets,":[24,40],"especially":[25],"bridges.":[26],"These":[27],"technologies":[28,92],"are":[29,49,86],"capable":[30],"creating":[32],"an":[33,154],"accurate":[34],"digital":[35,45,100,149],"representation":[36],"existing":[39,155],"commonly":[41],"known":[42],"as":[43],"twins.":[46],"Digital":[47],"twins":[48],"suitable":[50],"alternatives":[51],"to":[52,97,111,134,146,175,244],"in-person":[53],"on-site":[55],"based":[56],"that":[58,93],"can":[59],"provide":[60,98,135],"safer,":[61],"cheaper,":[62],"more":[63,233],"reliable,":[64],"less":[66],"distributive":[67],"bridge":[68,74,126,143,158],"inspections.":[69],"case":[72,128,144,200],"monitoring,":[75],"Unmanned":[76],"Aerial":[77],"Vehicle":[78],"(UAV)":[79],"photogrammetry":[80,162],"Terrestrial":[82],"Laser":[83],"Scanning":[84],"(TLS)":[85],"among":[87],"most":[89],"common":[90],"advanced":[91],"hold":[94],"potential":[96],"qualitative":[99],"models;":[101],"however,":[102],"research":[104],"is":[105],"still":[106],"lacking":[107],"a":[108,125,136,141,168,226,248,253],"reliable":[109],"methodology":[110,138,212],"evaluate":[112,147],"generated":[114],"point":[115,150,177,220,230,241],"clouds":[116,151,178,242],"in":[117,179,215,239],"terms":[118,180],"quality":[120],"geometric":[122,193],"accuracy":[123],"size":[127],"study.":[129],"Therefore,":[130],"this":[131,166,199],"paper":[132],"aims":[133],"comprehensive":[137],"along":[139],"with":[140,236],"thorough":[142],"study":[145,201],"two":[148,218],"developed":[152],"from":[153],"Australian":[156],"heritage":[157],"via":[159],"both":[160],"UAV-based":[161],"TLS.":[164],"regard,":[167],"range":[169],"proposed":[171,211],"approaches":[172,214],"were":[173],"employed":[174],"compare":[176],"points\u2019":[182],"distribution,":[183],"level":[184,228],"outlier":[186],"noise,":[187],"data":[188,250],"completeness,":[189],"surface":[190],"deviation,":[191],"accuracy.":[194],"The":[195],"comparative":[196],"results":[197],"not":[202],"only":[203],"proved":[204],"capability":[206],"applicability":[208],"evaluating":[216],"these":[217],"voluminous":[219],"clouds,":[221],"but":[222],"they":[223],"also":[224],"exhibited":[225],"higher":[227],"density":[231],"acceptable":[234],"agreements":[235],"as-is":[237],"measurements":[238],"TLS-based":[240],"subjected":[243],"implementation":[246],"precise":[249],"capture":[251],"3D":[254],"reconstruction":[255],"model.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}