{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197238030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173406","title":"RGB Indices and Canopy Height Modelling for Mapping Tidal Marsh Biomass from a Small Unmanned Aerial System","display_name":"RGB Indices and Canopy Height Modelling for Mapping Tidal Marsh Biomass from a Small Unmanned Aerial System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197238030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173406","mag":"3197238030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173406","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3406/pdf?version=1630390964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3406/pdf?version=1630390964","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073538545","display_name":"Grayson R. Morgan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-3797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grayson R. Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078548585","display_name":"Cuizhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-9535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuizhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086886150","display_name":"James T. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0511-642X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James T. Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Belle Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Belle Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073538545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.1873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87233885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"17","first_page":"3406","last_page":"3406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marsh","display_name":"Marsh","score":0.805018424987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.7459872364997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7299072742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spartina-alterniflora","display_name":"Spartina alterniflora","score":0.594977855682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5444974899291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-marsh","display_name":"Salt marsh","score":0.514409601688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5125839114189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.48736411333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estuary","display_name":"Estuary","score":0.48664435744285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.46520668268203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.4133400321006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3924068808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.30665963888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.2681106925010681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18908452987670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1349847912788391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0957690179347992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.805018424987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.7459872364997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7299072742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779858377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697224","display_name":"Spartina alterniflora","level":4,"score":0.594977855682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5444974899291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87441765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29925","display_name":"Salt marsh","level":2,"score":0.514409601688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5125839114189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.48736411333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88160329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47053","display_name":"Estuary","level":2,"score":0.48664435744285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.46520668268203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4133400321006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3924068808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.30665963888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.2681106925010681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18908452987670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1349847912788391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0957690179347992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173406","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3406/pdf?version=1630390964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b6dc361459d04256a826a924f75178b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b6dc361459d04256a826a924f75178b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 17, p 3406 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/17/3406/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 17; Pages: 3406","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13173406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173406","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3406/pdf?version=1630390964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197238030.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197238030.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W284201036","https://openalex.org/W1987043637","https://openalex.org/W1995029758","https://openalex.org/W2005267972","https://openalex.org/W2027254180","https://openalex.org/W2027652188","https://openalex.org/W2040586584","https://openalex.org/W2044695395","https://openalex.org/W2096786997","https://openalex.org/W2123165359","https://openalex.org/W2125693038","https://openalex.org/W2158698573","https://openalex.org/W2163450852","https://openalex.org/W2203085655","https://openalex.org/W2276537121","https://openalex.org/W2340781510","https://openalex.org/W2469630252","https://openalex.org/W2566146145","https://openalex.org/W2607606162","https://openalex.org/W2618777245","https://openalex.org/W2736116482","https://openalex.org/W2765127940","https://openalex.org/W2767760697","https://openalex.org/W2777992987","https://openalex.org/W2790271205","https://openalex.org/W2901922671","https://openalex.org/W2902394412","https://openalex.org/W2921122163","https://openalex.org/W2921333384","https://openalex.org/W2941400914","https://openalex.org/W2946796514","https://openalex.org/W2970045882","https://openalex.org/W2971137951","https://openalex.org/W2979736561","https://openalex.org/W3005207334","https://openalex.org/W3013842704","https://openalex.org/W3029508462","https://openalex.org/W3039535041","https://openalex.org/W3044810680","https://openalex.org/W3082985050","https://openalex.org/W3087438473","https://openalex.org/W3090202469","https://openalex.org/W3104460218","https://openalex.org/W3113308899","https://openalex.org/W3121631423","https://openalex.org/W3133932554","https://openalex.org/W3135760227","https://openalex.org/W3149106451","https://openalex.org/W3164642518","https://openalex.org/W3185362395","https://openalex.org/W3196791965","https://openalex.org/W6648899668","https://openalex.org/W6657024363","https://openalex.org/W6736976813","https://openalex.org/W6786151168","https://openalex.org/W6939444918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148008217","https://openalex.org/W2074893894","https://openalex.org/W2361878265","https://openalex.org/W2036525945","https://openalex.org/W2167580105","https://openalex.org/W4387306347","https://openalex.org/W2254364780","https://openalex.org/W3144868693","https://openalex.org/W2025846717","https://openalex.org/W4321490631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coastal":[0],"tidal":[1,80,89],"marshes":[2],"are":[3],"essential":[4],"ecosystems":[5],"for":[6,76,258,274],"both":[7],"economic":[8],"and":[9,57,78,131,172,256],"ecological":[10],"reasons.":[11],"They":[12],"necessitate":[13],"regular":[14,153],"monitoring":[15,79],"as":[16,245,247,281],"the":[17,70,141,147,152,164,188,193,202,226,232,235,248,271],"effects":[18],"of":[19,48,59,64,72,109,228,263],"climate":[20],"change":[21],"begin":[22],"to":[23,28,44,68,114,136,140,221,225,254,268],"be":[24],"manifested":[25],"in":[26,156,192,196,213,231,239],"changes":[27],"marsh":[29,81,90,190,241,250,265],"vegetation":[30,49,74,82,104],"healthiness.":[31],"Small":[32],"unmanned":[33],"aerial":[34],"systems":[35],"(sUAS)":[36],"build":[37,115],"upon":[38],"previously":[39],"established":[40],"remote":[41,285],"sensing":[42,286],"techniques":[43],"monitor":[45],"a":[46,96,100,116],"variety":[47],"health":[50],"metrics,":[51],"including":[52],"biomass,":[53],"with":[54],"improved":[55],"flexibility":[56],"affordability":[58],"data":[60],"acquisition.":[61],"The":[62,159,180,205],"goal":[63],"this":[65],"study":[66,91,203],"was":[67,124,209],"establish":[69],"use":[71],"RGB-based":[73],"indices":[75,111,150,155],"mapping":[77],"(i.e.,":[83],"Spartina":[84],"alterniflora)":[85],"biomass.":[86],"Flights":[87],"over":[88],"sites":[92],"were":[93,112],"conducted":[94],"using":[95,126,279],"multi-spectral":[97],"camera":[98],"on":[99],"quadcopter":[101],"sUAS":[102,280],"near":[103],"peak":[105],"growth.":[106],"A":[107,120],"number":[108],"RGB":[110,149],"extracted":[113],"non-linear":[117],"biomass":[118,142,161,182,185,214,229,237,259,277],"model.":[119,143],"canopy":[121,207],"height":[122,208],"model":[123,238],"developed":[125],"sUAS-derived":[127],"digital":[128,133],"surface":[129],"models":[130,135,162],"LiDAR-derived":[132],"terrain":[134],"assess":[137],"its":[138],"contribution":[139],"Results":[144],"found":[145],"that":[146,251],"distance-based":[148],"outperformed":[151],"radio-based":[154],"coastal":[157],"marshes.":[158],"best-performing":[160],"used":[163],"triangular":[165],"greenness":[166],"index":[167,175],"(TGI;":[168],"R2":[169,177],"=":[170,178],"0.39)":[171],"excess":[173],"green":[174],"(ExG;":[176],"0.376).":[179],"estimated":[181],"revealed":[183],"high":[184,249],"predictions":[186],"at":[187,201],"fertilized":[189],"plots":[191],"Long-Term":[194],"Research":[195],"Environmental":[197],"Biology":[198],"(LTREB)":[199],"project":[200],"site.":[204],"sUAS-extracted":[206],"not":[210,243],"statistically":[211],"significant":[212],"estimation":[215,278],"but":[216],"showed":[217],"similar":[218],"explanatory":[219],"power":[220],"other":[222],"studies.":[223],"Due":[224],"lack":[227],"samples":[230],"inner":[233],"estuary,":[234],"proposed":[236],"low":[240,264],"does":[242],"perform":[244],"well":[246],"is":[252,266],"close":[253],"shore":[255],"accessible":[257],"sampling.":[260],"Further":[261],"research":[262],"required":[267],"better":[269],"understand":[270],"best":[272],"conditions":[273],"S.":[275],"alterniflora":[276],"an":[282],"on-demand,":[283],"personal":[284],"tool.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}