{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196012241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163289","title":"Cloud Detection Using an Ensemble of Pixel-Based Machine Learning Models Incorporating Unsupervised Classification","display_name":"Cloud Detection Using an Ensemble of Pixel-Based Machine Learning Models Incorporating Unsupervised Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196012241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163289","mag":"3196012241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163289","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3289/pdf?version=1629981718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3289/pdf?version=1629981718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031834371","display_name":"Xiaohe Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-1141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohe Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Information Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Information Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006358132","display_name":"David J. Lary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-9543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Lary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanson Center for Space Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanson Center for Space Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031834371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8843,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77495991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"16","first_page":"3289","last_page":"3289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7795562744140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6752923727035522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5276687741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.498319149017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47082358598709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.44317254424095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4135435223579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4121088981628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3884385824203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3328864574432373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7795562744140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6752923727035522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5276687741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.498319149017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47082358598709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44317254424095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4135435223579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4121088981628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3884385824203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3328864574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163289","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3289/pdf?version=1629981718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1302458b10bd45f2ade25cc9b8fcb008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1302458b10bd45f2ade25cc9b8fcb008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 16, p 3289 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/16/3289/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 16; Pages: 3289","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163289","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3289/pdf?version=1629981718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2379713107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310620","display_name":"University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327708","display_name":"University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332414","display_name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196012241.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196012241.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W1572226543","https://openalex.org/W1608371111","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1976978666","https://openalex.org/W2025745000","https://openalex.org/W2028191110","https://openalex.org/W2028240797","https://openalex.org/W2030851497","https://openalex.org/W2068124105","https://openalex.org/W2078163022","https://openalex.org/W2084516844","https://openalex.org/W2118750827","https://openalex.org/W2126013952","https://openalex.org/W2584156879","https://openalex.org/W2605495192","https://openalex.org/W2605847660","https://openalex.org/W2755691963","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2802513255","https://openalex.org/W2806480185","https://openalex.org/W2892621946","https://openalex.org/W2920405132","https://openalex.org/W2927122915","https://openalex.org/W2972070250","https://openalex.org/W2992697992","https://openalex.org/W2996137214","https://openalex.org/W3028160024","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3128530330","https://openalex.org/W6634212357","https://openalex.org/W6681079073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W4205786897","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W2802581102","https://openalex.org/W1997222214","https://openalex.org/W2070395303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,56],"imagery,":[2],"such":[3,37],"as":[4,138,144,173,322],"that":[5,136,166,230,314,321],"provided":[6],"by":[7,212,220,272,280],"the":[8,63,104,118,153,157,162,178,197,210,216,237,241,251,275,307,341,348],"United":[9],"States":[10],"Geological":[11],"Survey":[12],"(USGS)":[13],"Landsat":[14],"satellites,":[15],"has":[16,177,250,326],"been":[17],"widely":[18],"used":[19],"to":[20,77,117,129,204,283],"study":[21,68],"environmental":[22],"protection,":[23],"hazard":[24],"analysis,":[25],"and":[26,191,214,262,274,320,330],"urban":[27],"planning":[28],"for":[29,36,50],"decades.":[30],"Clouds":[31],"are":[32],"a":[33,46,51,87,111,131,140,303,315,332,344],"constant":[34],"challenge":[35],"imagery":[38],"and,":[39],"if":[40],"not":[41,232],"handled":[42],"correctly,":[43],"can":[44,346],"cause":[45],"variety":[47],"of":[48,54,73,89,125,161,306,335,340],"issues":[49],"wide":[52],"range":[53],"remote":[55],"analyses.":[57],"Typically,":[58],"cloud":[59,78,107,188,193,217,259,264,276,289,317],"mask":[60],"algorithms":[61],"use":[62],"entire":[64],"image;":[65],"in":[66,234,293,343],"this":[67,126,207,294],"we":[69],"present":[70],"an":[71,149,174,224,246],"ensemble":[72],"different":[74,90],"pixel-based":[75,316],"approaches":[76],"pixel":[79],"modeling.":[80],"Based":[81],"on":[82,156,196,240],"four":[83],"training":[84,141,164,309],"subsets":[85],"with":[86,245,257],"selection":[88],"input":[91,175],"features,":[92],"12":[93],"machine":[94,132,287],"learning":[95,133,288],"models":[96,102,291],"were":[97,231],"created.":[98],"We":[99,312],"evaluated":[100],"these":[101],"using":[103,223],"cropped":[105,119,199],"LC8-Biome":[106],"validation":[108,228],"dataset.":[109,122],"As":[110],"comparison,":[112],"Fmask":[113,205,284],"was":[114],"also":[115],"applied":[116],"scene":[120,324,345],"Biome":[121],"One":[123],"goal":[124],"research":[127],"is":[128],"explore":[130],"modeling":[134],"approach":[135,182],"uses":[137],"small":[139,304,333],"data":[142],"sample":[143,158],"possible":[145],"but":[146],"still":[147],"provides":[148],"accurate":[150],"model.":[151],"Overall,":[152],"model":[154,208,235,238,349],"trained":[155,239],"subset":[159,244],"(1.3%":[160],"total":[163,308],"samples)":[165],"includes":[167],"unsupervised":[168],"Self-Organizing":[169],"Map":[170],"classification":[171,290,318],"results":[172],"feature":[176],"best":[179],"performance.":[180],"The":[181,286],"achieves":[183],"98.57%":[184],"overall":[185,253,269],"accuracy,":[186],"1.18%":[187],"omission":[189,218,260,277],"error,":[190],"0.93%":[192],"commission":[194,265],"error":[195,219,261,278],"88":[198],"test":[200],"images.":[201],"By":[202],"comparison":[203],"4.0,":[206],"improves":[209],"accuracy":[211,254,350],"10.12%":[213],"reduces":[215],"6.39%.":[221],"Furthermore,":[222],"additional":[225,247],"eight":[226],"independent":[227],"images":[229],"sampled":[233],"training,":[236],"second":[242],"largest":[243],"five":[248],"features":[249],"highest":[252],"at":[255],"86.35%,":[256],"12.48%":[258],"7.96%":[263],"error.":[266],"This":[267],"model\u2019s":[268],"correctness":[270],"increased":[271],"3.26%,":[273],"decreased":[279],"1.28%":[281],"compared":[282],"4.0.":[285],"discussed":[292],"paper":[295],"could":[296],"achieve":[297],"very":[298],"good":[299],"performance":[300],"utilizing":[301],"only":[302],"portion":[305,334],"pixels":[310,337],"available.":[311],"showed":[313],"model,":[319],"each":[323,339],"obviously":[325],"unique":[327],"spectral":[328],"characteristics,":[329],"having":[331],"example":[336],"from":[338],"sub-regions":[342],"improve":[347],"significantly.":[351]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-08-30T00:00:00"}