{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196024583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163258","title":"Machine Learning for Mineral Identification and Ore Estimation from Hyperspectral Imagery in Tin\u2013Tungsten Deposits: Simulation under Indoor Conditions","display_name":"Machine Learning for Mineral Identification and Ore Estimation from Hyperspectral Imagery in Tin\u2013Tungsten Deposits: Simulation under Indoor Conditions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196024583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163258","mag":"3196024583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163258","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3258/pdf?version=1629281104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3258/pdf?version=1629281104","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081858310","display_name":"Agust\u00edn Lobo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-2908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107612","display_name":"Geociencias Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/01nsd7y51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210107612"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Agustin Lobo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013067860","display_name":"Emma Garc\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lithica (SCCL), 17430 Sta Coloma de Farners, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lithica (SCCL), 17430 Sta Coloma de Farners, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082978821","display_name":"Gisela Barroso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","display_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/052g8jq94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gisela Barroso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing and GIS, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and GIS, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070650776","display_name":"David Mart\u00ed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-921X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Mart\u00ed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lithica (SCCL), 17430 Sta Coloma de Farners, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lithica (SCCL), 17430 Sta Coloma de Farners, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083079043","display_name":"J. L. Fern\u00e1ndez-Turiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-799X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107612","display_name":"Geociencias Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/01nsd7y51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210107612"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose-Luis Fernandez-Turiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087058470","display_name":"Jordi Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8909-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107612","display_name":"Geociencias Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/01nsd7y51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210107612"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordi Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Insa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081858310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107612"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.5399,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86114238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"16","first_page":"3258","last_page":"3258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cassiterite","display_name":"Cassiterite","score":0.9412455558776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wolframite","display_name":"Wolframite","score":0.7641277313232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6882016062736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tin","display_name":"Tin","score":0.6262295246124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5842537879943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.537979006767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineralogy","display_name":"Mineralogy","score":0.45063936710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tungsten","display_name":"Tungsten","score":0.4272620677947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-engineering","display_name":"Mining engineering","score":0.353310763835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2741944193840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.26031360030174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.15869730710983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.13811305165290833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779526359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191222","display_name":"Cassiterite","level":3,"score":0.9412455558776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779642852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541128","display_name":"Wolframite","level":3,"score":0.7641277313232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6882016062736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096","display_name":"Tin","level":2,"score":0.6262295246124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5842537879943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.537979006767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.45063936710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542268612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743","display_name":"Tungsten","level":2,"score":0.4272620677947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.353310763835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2741944193840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26031360030174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.15869730710983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.13811305165290833}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163258","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3258/pdf?version=1629281104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ddd.uab.cat:272171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ddd.uab.cat/record/272171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400380","display_name":"Dip\u00f2sit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","host_organization_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/250050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/250050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"art\u00edculo"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9575525d42c14cabbd801285716c1ebf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9575525d42c14cabbd801285716c1ebf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 16, p 3258 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/16/3258/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 16; Pages: 3258","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163258","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3258/pdf?version=1629281104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196024583.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196024583.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164428411","https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1513618424","https://openalex.org/W1584308190","https://openalex.org/W1608224063","https://openalex.org/W1754365911","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1972319263","https://openalex.org/W1986530877","https://openalex.org/W1998818470","https://openalex.org/W2003128786","https://openalex.org/W2010319424","https://openalex.org/W2010797000","https://openalex.org/W2018194343","https://openalex.org/W2027442956","https://openalex.org/W2043648244","https://openalex.org/W2045298782","https://openalex.org/W2072445211","https://openalex.org/W2091397530","https://openalex.org/W2100921418","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2129652905","https://openalex.org/W2131697388","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2160305377","https://openalex.org/W2162480849","https://openalex.org/W2167279371","https://openalex.org/W2169106034","https://openalex.org/W2170363325","https://openalex.org/W2180489030","https://openalex.org/W2337393364","https://openalex.org/W2429928063","https://openalex.org/W2469256349","https://openalex.org/W2481105521","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2504187905","https://openalex.org/W2527344479","https://openalex.org/W2562657755","https://openalex.org/W2579656072","https://openalex.org/W2606412288","https://openalex.org/W2618637117","https://openalex.org/W2732720900","https://openalex.org/W2793859250","https://openalex.org/W2887596409","https://openalex.org/W2902257883","https://openalex.org/W2908060672","https://openalex.org/W2946644377","https://openalex.org/W2972939024","https://openalex.org/W2993422695","https://openalex.org/W3011983117","https://openalex.org/W3023114228","https://openalex.org/W3034383424","https://openalex.org/W3097668537","https://openalex.org/W3111161653","https://openalex.org/W3128031946","https://openalex.org/W3130847935","https://openalex.org/W3164826511","https://openalex.org/W3181729304","https://openalex.org/W4244426778","https://openalex.org/W4248150465","https://openalex.org/W4253303654","https://openalex.org/W4399638677","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6718209829","https://openalex.org/W6790665558","https://openalex.org/W6795848648","https://openalex.org/W6798646081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350124357","https://openalex.org/W2350839599","https://openalex.org/W1967658665","https://openalex.org/W2035138463","https://openalex.org/W1970319995","https://openalex.org/W4402841118","https://openalex.org/W1035091831","https://openalex.org/W2486166146","https://openalex.org/W1850624193","https://openalex.org/W4231339839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,205],"aims":[2],"to":[3,73,212],"assess":[4],"the":[5,76,81,119,141,147,157,207,214],"feasibility":[6],"of":[7,16,29,32,34,44,61,105,156,175,209,217],"delineating":[8],"and":[9,40,57,93,102,122,129],"identifying":[10],"mineral":[11],"ores":[12],"from":[13,36],"hyperspectral":[14,45,210],"images":[15,48],"tin\u2013tungsten":[17,38],"mine":[18,39,64,223],"excavation":[19],"faces":[20],"using":[21,66],"machine":[22],"learning":[23],"classification.":[24],"We":[25,78],"compiled":[26],"a":[27,37,51,59,62,67,109,154],"set":[28],"hand":[30],"samples":[31],"minerals":[33],"interest":[35],"analyzed":[41,80],"two":[42],"types":[43],"images:":[46],"(1)":[47],"acquired":[49],"with":[50,170,191],"laboratory":[52,106,148],"set-up":[53],"under":[54,70],"close-to-optimal":[55],"conditions,":[56],"(2)":[58],"scan":[60],"simulated":[63,134],"face":[65],"field":[68],"set-up,":[69],"conditions":[71],"closer":[72],"those":[74],"in":[75,146,167,220],"gallery.":[77],"have":[79],"following":[82],"minerals:":[83],"cassiterite":[84,187],"(tin":[85],"ore),":[86,89],"wolframite":[87,183,192],"(tungsten":[88],"chalcopyrite,":[90],"malachite,":[91],"muscovite,":[92],"quartz.":[94],"Classification":[95,138],"(Linear":[96],"Discriminant":[97],"Analysis,":[98],"Singular":[99],"Vector":[100],"Machines":[101],"Random":[103,171],"Forest)":[104],"spectra":[107],"had":[108],"very":[110],"high":[111,151],"overall":[112],"accuracy":[113,139,181],"rate":[114],"(98%),":[115],"slightly":[116,176],"lower":[117,131,144,158],"if":[118],"450\u2013950":[120],"nm":[121,124],"950\u20131650":[123],"ranges":[125],"are":[126],"considered":[127],"independently,":[128],"much":[130],"(74.5%)":[132],"for":[133,140,182],"conventional":[135],"RGB":[136],"imagery.":[137],"simulation":[142],"was":[143,184,188],"than":[145],"but":[149,186],"still":[150],"(85%),":[152],"likely":[153],"consequence":[155],"spatial":[159,215],"resolution.":[160],"All":[161],"three":[162],"classification":[163],"methods":[164],"performed":[165],"similarly":[166],"this":[168],"case,":[169],"Forest":[172],"producing":[173],"results":[174],"higher":[177],"accuracy.":[178,203],"The":[179],"user\u2019s":[180,202],"85%,":[185],"often":[189],"confused":[190],"(user\u2019s":[193],"accuracy:":[194],"70%).":[195],"A":[196],"lumped":[197],"ore":[198,218],"category":[199],"achieved":[200],"94.9%":[201],"Our":[204],"confirms":[206],"suitability":[208],"imaging":[211],"record":[213],"distribution":[216],"mineralization":[219],"progressing":[221],"tungsten\u2013tin":[222],"faces.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2021-08-30T00:00:00"}
