{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191836029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163124","title":"Estimating Control Points for B-Spline Surfaces Using Fully Populated Synthetic Variance\u2013Covariance Matrices for TLS Point Clouds","display_name":"Estimating Control Points for B-Spline Surfaces Using Fully Populated Synthetic Variance\u2013Covariance Matrices for TLS Point Clouds","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191836029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163124","mag":"3191836029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3124/pdf?version=1628651973","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3124/pdf?version=1628651973","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043885965","display_name":"Jakob Raschhofer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-2100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Raschhofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-2100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089369686","display_name":"Gabriel Kerekes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9037-0499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Kerekes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24D, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9037-0499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24D, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068891147","display_name":"Corinna Harmening","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corinna Harmening","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113770184","display_name":"Hans Neuner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans Neuner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076080173","display_name":"Volker Schwieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-9809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker Schwieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24D, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-9809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24D, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089369686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":1287,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1388},"fwci":0.5439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58074935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"16","first_page":"3124","last_page":"3124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6509423851966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.6314036846160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4818792939186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4710179269313812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.4391424357891083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4338851869106293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4262602627277374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagonal","display_name":"Diagonal","score":0.41222789883613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.41016343235969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.3617480397224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3069346845149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.18107178807258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10005727410316467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6509423851966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.6314036846160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4818792939186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4710179269313812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.4391424357891083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4338851869106293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4262602627277374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130367717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189791","display_name":"Diagonal","level":2,"score":0.41222789883613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.41016343235969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3617480397224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3069346845149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.18107178807258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10005727410316467}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3124/pdf?version=1628651973","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:674022f33e6e4ef6b0a1d5ee9ca03c21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/674022f33e6e4ef6b0a1d5ee9ca03c21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 16, p 3124 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.uni-stuttgart.de:11682/13240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/13240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401556","display_name":"OPUS Publication Server of the University of Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","host_organization_name":"University of Stuttgart","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/16/3124/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 16; Pages: 3124","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.18419/opus-13221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-13221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052998","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Stuttgart","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3124/pdf?version=1628651973","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5782368068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCHW 838/7-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G854733024","display_name":"Integrated Time-Space Modelling of Deformations","funder_award_id":"I3869","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191836029.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191836029.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964148445","https://openalex.org/W1974255896","https://openalex.org/W2012777860","https://openalex.org/W2046568178","https://openalex.org/W2049406176","https://openalex.org/W2076231474","https://openalex.org/W2116334708","https://openalex.org/W2280790262","https://openalex.org/W2323610333","https://openalex.org/W2405923733","https://openalex.org/W2505469783","https://openalex.org/W2514573036","https://openalex.org/W2562758716","https://openalex.org/W2584582287","https://openalex.org/W2588136143","https://openalex.org/W2601023727","https://openalex.org/W2954546137","https://openalex.org/W2970777852","https://openalex.org/W3016714461","https://openalex.org/W3135645488","https://openalex.org/W3164260451","https://openalex.org/W4205649593","https://openalex.org/W4246005930","https://openalex.org/W6641050512","https://openalex.org/W6662153837","https://openalex.org/W6695043525","https://openalex.org/W6700785641","https://openalex.org/W6725541615","https://openalex.org/W6730885829","https://openalex.org/W6890056517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135584473","https://openalex.org/W2964223869","https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W2792539140","https://openalex.org/W2005808740","https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W2295130398","https://openalex.org/W2886934452","https://openalex.org/W1489099099","https://openalex.org/W2024369332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"flexible":[1],"approach":[2,95],"for":[3,36,73,96,139,167,198],"geometric":[4,49],"modelling":[5,50],"of":[6,18,51,79,124,133,149,179,193,207,217,228,242,246,257,265,272,294],"point":[7,52,88,111],"clouds":[8,53,112],"obtained":[9,144,172],"from":[10,173],"Terrestrial":[11],"Laser":[12],"Scanning":[13],"(TLS)":[14],"is":[15,71,103,153,245,276],"by":[16,54,113],"means":[17],"B-splines.":[19,114],"These":[20],"functions":[21],"have":[22],"gained":[23],"some":[24,258],"popularity":[25],"in":[26,85,226,305],"the":[27,45,67,86,122,128,134,157,168,194,199,205,208,215,218,229,234,238,243,252,263,270,273,280,284,287,292,295,306],"engineering":[28],"geodesy":[29],"as":[30],"they":[31],"provide":[32],"a":[33,37,93,146,174],"suitable":[34],"basis":[35],"spatially":[38],"continuous":[39],"and":[40,57,105,130,141,184,203],"parametric":[41],"deformation":[42],"analysis.":[43],"In":[44,90],"predominant":[46],"studies":[47],"on":[48,127,269,279,291],"B-splines,":[55],"uncorrelated":[56],"equally":[58],"weighted":[59],"measurements":[60],"are":[61,118,143,171,188,196],"assumed.":[62],"Trying":[63],"to":[64,108,120,155,250],"overcome":[65],"this,":[66],"elementary":[68,160],"errors":[69,161,260],"theory":[70],"applied":[72],"establishing":[74,97],"fully":[75],"populated":[76],"covariance":[77,209],"matrices":[78,101],"TLS":[80,110,175],"observations":[81],"that":[82,197,262],"consider":[83],"correlations":[84],"observed":[87,301],"clouds.":[89],"this":[91],"article,":[92],"systematic":[94],"realistic":[98],"synthetic":[99],"variance\u2013covariance":[100],"(SVCMs)":[102],"presented":[104],"afterward":[106],"used":[107,154],"model":[109],"Additionally,":[115],"three":[116],"criteria":[117],"selected":[119],"analyze":[121],"impact":[123,178],"different":[125,182,185],"SVCMs":[126,180],"functional":[129],"stochastic":[131],"components":[132],"estimation":[135],"results.":[136],"Plausible":[137],"levels":[138],"variances":[140],"covariances":[142],"using":[145],"test":[147],"specimen":[148],"several":[150],"dm\u2014dimension.":[151],"It":[152],"identify":[156],"most":[158],"dominant":[159],"under":[162],"laboratory":[163],"conditions.":[164],"Starting":[165],"values":[166,187],"variance":[169],"level":[170],"calibration.":[176],"The":[177,255],"with":[181,302],"structures":[183],"numeric":[186],"comparatively":[189],"investigated.":[190],"Main":[191],"findings":[192],"paper":[195],"analyzed":[200],"object":[201],"size":[202],"distances,":[204],"structure":[206],"matrix":[210],"does":[211],"not":[212],"significantly":[213],"affect":[214],"location":[216],"estimated":[219,274,296],"surface":[220],"control":[221,297],"points,":[222],"but":[223],"their":[224,266],"precision":[225,271,293],"terms":[227,241],"corresponding":[230],"standard":[231,267,307],"deviations.":[232,308],"Regarding":[233],"latter,":[235],"properly":[236],"setting":[237,251],"main":[239],"diagonal":[240],"SVCM":[244],"superordinate":[247],"importance":[248],"compared":[249],"off-diagonal":[253],"ones.":[254],"investigation":[256],"individual":[259],"revealed":[261],"influence":[264],"deviation":[268],"parameters":[275],"primarily":[277],"dependent":[278],"scanning":[281],"distance.":[282],"When":[283],"distance":[285],"stays":[286],"same,":[288],"one-sided":[289],"influences":[290],"points":[298],"can":[299],"be":[300],"an":[303],"increase":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}