{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191676375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152971","title":"Estimating Primary Forest Attributes and Rare Community Characteristics Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): An Enrichment of Conventional Forest Inventories","display_name":"Estimating Primary Forest Attributes and Rare Community Characteristics Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): An Enrichment of Conventional Forest Inventories","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191676375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152971","mag":"3191676375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13152971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2971/pdf?version=1627605002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2971/pdf?version=1627605002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085459292","display_name":"Benjamin T. Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1974-7529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin T. Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022247838","display_name":"Russell G. Congalton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell G. Congalton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085459292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0057,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72366246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"15","first_page":"2971","last_page":"2971"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.7000848054885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diameter-at-breast-height","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","score":0.6190860867500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-area","display_name":"Basal area","score":0.6085867881774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hectare","display_name":"Hectare","score":0.5997095108032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.5674240589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5640016198158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.5534725189208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.47295472025871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4093833565711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.35275357961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.29104071855545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.2642834186553955}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.7000848054885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58330081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973582","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","level":2,"score":0.6190860867500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91354502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830384","display_name":"Basal area","level":2,"score":0.6085867881774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202050865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35852","display_name":"Hectare","level":3,"score":0.5997095108032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.5674240589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5640016198158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.5534725189208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47295472025871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4093833565711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.35275357961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.29104071855545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.2642834186553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13152971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2971/pdf?version=1627605002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.unh.edu:faculty_pubs-2322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/faculty_pubs/1317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196362","display_name":"University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I179093154","host_organization_name":"University of New Hampshire at Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179093154"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8b66bc8bfd9438a956bce8cafde9fc6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8b66bc8bfd9438a956bce8cafde9fc6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 15, p 2971 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/15/2971/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 15; Pages: 2971","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13152971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2971/pdf?version=1627605002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2993582424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Accession #","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338006","display_name":"New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191676375.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191676375.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2557889","https://openalex.org/W1522525389","https://openalex.org/W1525587678","https://openalex.org/W1526151144","https://openalex.org/W1965431014","https://openalex.org/W1970098384","https://openalex.org/W1975625529","https://openalex.org/W1981897942","https://openalex.org/W1986106091","https://openalex.org/W2011765392","https://openalex.org/W2014185483","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2016560605","https://openalex.org/W2030774481","https://openalex.org/W2044904134","https://openalex.org/W2056696308","https://openalex.org/W2060444277","https://openalex.org/W2065447829","https://openalex.org/W2073056606","https://openalex.org/W2073597988","https://openalex.org/W2075585331","https://openalex.org/W2084969415","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2121853134","https://openalex.org/W2122579193","https://openalex.org/W2127593414","https://openalex.org/W2130464813","https://openalex.org/W2133125644","https://openalex.org/W2136636747","https://openalex.org/W2145243492","https://openalex.org/W2145442946","https://openalex.org/W2150588299","https://openalex.org/W2167250466","https://openalex.org/W2168524671","https://openalex.org/W2189456136","https://openalex.org/W2325171775","https://openalex.org/W2334026698","https://openalex.org/W2416708566","https://openalex.org/W2496005047","https://openalex.org/W2512498098","https://openalex.org/W2558832094","https://openalex.org/W2560462200","https://openalex.org/W2560901046","https://openalex.org/W2567603779","https://openalex.org/W2571021423","https://openalex.org/W2587019393","https://openalex.org/W2605255234","https://openalex.org/W2606424434","https://openalex.org/W2612541393","https://openalex.org/W2615436872","https://openalex.org/W2741038359","https://openalex.org/W2743182111","https://openalex.org/W2743601682","https://openalex.org/W2752278344","https://openalex.org/W2756077302","https://openalex.org/W2765161590","https://openalex.org/W2768000522","https://openalex.org/W2770138631","https://openalex.org/W2772184021","https://openalex.org/W2777096355","https://openalex.org/W2784994713","https://openalex.org/W2787518617","https://openalex.org/W2796172891","https://openalex.org/W2801259439","https://openalex.org/W2807371277","https://openalex.org/W2826247891","https://openalex.org/W2896065695","https://openalex.org/W2897495104","https://openalex.org/W2901299896","https://openalex.org/W2907473827","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914044741","https://openalex.org/W2914433259","https://openalex.org/W2917192991","https://openalex.org/W2941004385","https://openalex.org/W2946168155","https://openalex.org/W2955280575","https://openalex.org/W2963611326","https://openalex.org/W2969075701","https://openalex.org/W2969716807","https://openalex.org/W2973518927","https://openalex.org/W2973832355","https://openalex.org/W3008477365","https://openalex.org/W3010920006","https://openalex.org/W3013471216","https://openalex.org/W3032296161","https://openalex.org/W3038163067","https://openalex.org/W3039498040","https://openalex.org/W3045432756","https://openalex.org/W3095049631","https://openalex.org/W3114834942","https://openalex.org/W3122837790","https://openalex.org/W3152401829","https://openalex.org/W3155054619","https://openalex.org/W3157740374","https://openalex.org/W3173520629","https://openalex.org/W4210699701","https://openalex.org/W4253985918","https://openalex.org/W6600095626","https://openalex.org/W6665820330","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6725597876","https://openalex.org/W6737823158","https://openalex.org/W6755725402","https://openalex.org/W6767769637","https://openalex.org/W6780239097"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1823457903","https://openalex.org/W2106079906","https://openalex.org/W3207978314","https://openalex.org/W2061718641","https://openalex.org/W2015378821","https://openalex.org/W4293144122","https://openalex.org/W4310714217","https://openalex.org/W2077185679","https://openalex.org/W1995242109","https://openalex.org/W1990941598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,256,274],"techniques":[1],"for":[2,37,88,162,303],"conducting":[3],"forest":[4,186,265],"inventories":[5],"have":[6,33,62],"been":[7,64],"established":[8],"over":[9],"centuries":[10],"of":[11,43,51,104,131,139,146,158,192,201,208,247,259,272,278],"land":[12,283],"management":[13],"and":[14,23,30,41,56,118,175,181,189,195,217,223,228,234,276,300],"conservation.":[15],"In":[16],"recent":[17],"decades,":[18],"however,":[19,244],"compelling":[20],"new":[21],"tools":[22],"methodologies":[24],"in":[25,76,152,166],"remote":[26],"sensing,":[27],"computer":[28],"vision,":[29],"data":[31],"science":[32],"offered":[34],"innovative":[35],"pathways":[36],"enhancing":[38],"the":[39,49,137,140,144,156,171,176,213,245,250,263,285],"effectiveness":[40,277],"comprehension":[42],"these":[44,132,279,311],"sampling":[45],"designs.":[46],"Now":[47],"with":[48],"aid":[50],"Unmanned":[52],"Aerial":[53],"Systems":[54],"(UAS)":[55],"advanced":[57],"image":[58],"processing":[59],"techniques,":[60],"we":[61,134],"never":[63],"closer":[65],"to":[66,142,210,254,287],"mapping":[67],"forests":[68],"at":[69,94,249],"field-based":[70],"inventory":[71],"scales.":[72],"Our":[73,198],"research,":[74],"conducted":[75],"New":[77],"Hampshire":[78],"on":[79],"complex":[80],"mixed-species":[81],"forests,":[82,133],"used":[83],"natural":[84],"color":[85],"UAS":[86,141,159,172],"imagery":[87],"estimating":[89],"individual":[90,296],"tree":[91,202,297],"diameters":[92],"(diameter":[93],"breast":[95],"height":[96],"(dbh))":[97],"as":[98,100],"well":[99],"stand":[101,214,251],"level":[102,252],"estimates":[103,200],"Basal":[105],"Area":[106],"per":[107,115],"Hectare":[108,116],"(BA/ha),":[109],"Quadratic":[110],"Mean":[111],"Diameter":[112],"(QMD),":[113],"Trees":[114],"(TPH),":[117],"a":[119,184,190],"Stand":[120],"Density":[121],"Index":[122],"(SDI)":[123],"using":[124,170,183,262],"digital":[125,160],"photogrammetry.":[126],"To":[127],"strengthen":[128],"our":[129],"understanding":[130],"also":[135],"assessed":[136,155],"proficiency":[138,157],"map":[143],"presence":[145],"large":[147,164,260],"trees":[148,165],"(i.e.,":[149],">40":[150],"cm":[151,178],"diameter).":[153],"We":[154],"photogrammetry":[161],"identifying":[163],"two":[167],"ways:":[168],"(1)":[169],"estimated":[173],"dbh":[174],"40":[177],"size":[179],"threshold":[180],"(2)":[182],"random":[185,264],"supervised":[187,266],"classification":[188,258,267],"combination":[191],"spectral,":[193],"textural,":[194],"geometric":[196],"features.":[197],"UAS-based":[199],"diameter":[203],"reported":[204],"an":[205,269],"average":[206],"error":[207],"19.7%":[209],"33.7%.":[211],"At":[212],"level,":[215],"BA/ha":[216,248],"QMD":[218],"were":[219,230],"overestimated":[220],"by":[221,232],"42.18%":[222],"62.09%,":[224],"respectively,":[225],"while":[226],"TPH":[227],"SDI":[229],"underestimated":[231],"45.58%":[233],"3.34%.":[235],"When":[236],"considering":[237],"only":[238],"stands":[239],"larger":[240],"than":[241],"9":[242],"ha":[243],"overestimation":[246],"dropped":[253],"14.629%.":[255],"overall":[257,270],"trees,":[261,307],"achieved":[268],"accuracy":[271],"85%.":[273],"efficiency":[275],"methods":[280],"offer":[281],"local":[282],"managers":[284],"opportunity":[286],"better":[288],"understand":[289],"their":[290],"forested":[291],"ecosystems.":[292],"Future":[293],"research":[294],"into":[295],"crown":[298],"detection":[299],"delineation,":[301],"especially":[302],"co-dominant":[304],"or":[305],"suppressed":[306],"will":[308],"further":[309],"support":[310],"efforts.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}