{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184627963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152905","title":"Through-Wall Multi-Subject Localization and Vital Signs Monitoring Using UWB MIMO Imaging Radar","display_name":"Through-Wall Multi-Subject Localization and Vital Signs Monitoring Using UWB MIMO Imaging Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184627963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152905","mag":"3184627963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13152905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152905","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2905/pdf?version=1627056326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2905/pdf?version=1627056326","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382249","display_name":"Zhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9964-310X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","Communication NCO Academy, Army Engineering University of PLA, Chongqing 400035, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication NCO Academy, Army Engineering University of PLA, Chongqing 400035, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007286998","display_name":"Tian Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0734-9833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tian Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028476009","display_name":"Yongpeng Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-6265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpeng Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103089400","display_name":"Yongkun Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007286998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94348795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"15","first_page":"2905","last_page":"2905"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.8616200089454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7084064483642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6581791639328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.5542386174201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vital-signs","display_name":"Vital signs","score":0.44967180490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.4364055395126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.42652687430381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41097790002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3861151933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37781819701194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3398233652114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18270576000213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1167258620262146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.8616200089454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7084064483642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6581791639328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.5542386174201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776890885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067560","display_name":"Vital signs","level":2,"score":0.44967180490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.4364055395126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.42652687430381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41097790002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3861151933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37781819701194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3398233652114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18270576000213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1167258620262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13152905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152905","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2905/pdf?version=1627056326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d349dae7dd849ebb11fcde86423766e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d349dae7dd849ebb11fcde86423766e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 15, p 2905 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/15/2905/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 15; Pages: 2905","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13152905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152905","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2905/pdf?version=1627056326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G927729992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184627963.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184627963.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48444394","https://openalex.org/W1563055963","https://openalex.org/W1912918041","https://openalex.org/W1975920727","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2019317994","https://openalex.org/W2047763789","https://openalex.org/W2048249809","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2107868282","https://openalex.org/W2112186756","https://openalex.org/W2116409137","https://openalex.org/W2123879611","https://openalex.org/W2125056386","https://openalex.org/W2134639649","https://openalex.org/W2141915264","https://openalex.org/W2147705244","https://openalex.org/W2158388235","https://openalex.org/W2257429550","https://openalex.org/W2518508855","https://openalex.org/W2549607224","https://openalex.org/W2560813969","https://openalex.org/W2581555918","https://openalex.org/W2586153046","https://openalex.org/W2625222089","https://openalex.org/W2758148865","https://openalex.org/W2805923678","https://openalex.org/W2808150334","https://openalex.org/W2884613329","https://openalex.org/W2889114526","https://openalex.org/W2898779089","https://openalex.org/W2912380531","https://openalex.org/W2945319194","https://openalex.org/W2949798287","https://openalex.org/W2952498881","https://openalex.org/W2954807982","https://openalex.org/W2959020666","https://openalex.org/W2963182892","https://openalex.org/W2979354594","https://openalex.org/W3011424659","https://openalex.org/W3014590059","https://openalex.org/W3022361802","https://openalex.org/W3042349309","https://openalex.org/W3043666057","https://openalex.org/W3049467169","https://openalex.org/W3084634891","https://openalex.org/W3089079408","https://openalex.org/W3095859543","https://openalex.org/W3097797951","https://openalex.org/W3108777672","https://openalex.org/W3119442893","https://openalex.org/W3121204563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226059311","https://openalex.org/W2141616094","https://openalex.org/W90175293","https://openalex.org/W1989565953","https://openalex.org/W3081975293","https://openalex.org/W2122831055","https://openalex.org/W2886607336","https://openalex.org/W4312199258","https://openalex.org/W4296525607","https://openalex.org/W2612374028"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar-based":[0],"non-contact":[1],"vital":[2,33,121],"signs":[3,34,122],"monitoring":[4,187],"has":[5],"great":[6],"value":[7],"in":[8,196],"through-wall":[9,21],"detection":[10,157],"applications.":[11],"This":[12],"paper":[13],"presents":[14],"the":[15,32,51,71,76,82,100,112,116,120,126,132,143,154,171,176,181,185,193,204],"theoretical":[16],"and":[17,23,49,56,110,145,156],"experimental":[18],"study":[19],"of":[20,35,84,115,150,158,188],"respiration":[22,144,178],"heartbeat":[24,146,173],"pattern":[25,174,179],"extraction":[26],"from":[27,175],"multiple":[28,36,108,159],"subjects.":[29],"To":[30,124],"detect":[31],"subjects,":[37],"we":[38,129],"employ":[39],"a":[40,136,162,200],"low-frequency":[41],"ultra-wideband":[42],"(UWB)":[43],"multiple-input":[44],"multiple-output":[45],"(MIMO)":[46],"imaging":[47,69],"radar":[48,54,68,85,117,195],"derive":[50],"relationship":[52],"between":[53],"images":[55,118],"vibrations":[57],"caused":[58],"by":[59,81,180,192],"human":[60],"cardiopulmonary":[61,127],"movements.":[62],"The":[63,164],"derivation":[64],"indicates":[65],"that":[66],"MIMO":[67,194],"with":[70,92,135,203],"stepped-frequency":[72],"continuous-wave":[73,93],"(SFCW)":[74],"improves":[75],"signal-to-noise":[77],"ratio":[78],"(SNR)":[79],"critically":[80],"factor":[83],"channel":[86],"number":[87,90],"times":[88],"frequency":[89],"compared":[91],"(CW)":[94],"Doppler":[95],"radars.":[96],"We":[97],"also":[98],"apply":[99],"three-dimensional":[101],"(3-D)":[102],"higher-order":[103],"cumulant":[104],"(HOC)":[105],"to":[106,140],"locate":[107],"subjects":[109,160],"extract":[111],"phase":[113],"sequence":[114],"as":[119],"signal.":[123],"monitor":[125],"activities,":[128],"further":[130],"exploit":[131],"VMD":[133,165],"algorithm":[134,166],"proposed":[137],"grouping":[138,182],"criterion":[139],"adaptively":[141],"separate":[142],"patterns.":[147],"A":[148],"series":[149],"experiments":[151],"have":[152],"validated":[153],"localization":[155],"behind":[161],"wall.":[163],"is":[167],"suitable":[168],"for":[169],"separating":[170],"weaker":[172],"stronger":[177],"criterion.":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"continuous":[186],"heart":[189],"rate":[190],"(HR)":[191],"real":[197],"scenarios":[198],"shows":[199],"strong":[201],"consistency":[202],"reference":[205],"electrocardiogram":[206],"(ECG).":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}