{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186852258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142805","title":"Space-Time Sea Surface pCO2 Estimation in the North Atlantic Based on CatBoost","display_name":"Space-Time Sea Surface pCO2 Estimation in the North Atlantic Based on CatBoost","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186852258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142805","mag":"3186852258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142805","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2805/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2805/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907681","display_name":"Hongwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-8593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062894234","display_name":"Junyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-3125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China","Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-3125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100774971","display_name":"Yi-Hui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-4073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108996080","display_name":"Boyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7323-046X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economics College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101907681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6544,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82087944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2805","last_page":"2805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12806","display_name":"Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12806","display_name":"Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.6339475512504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6173447966575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-orthogonal-functions","display_name":"Empirical orthogonal functions","score":0.47247880697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downwelling","display_name":"Downwelling","score":0.44782790541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation-coefficient","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","score":0.4456920921802521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-layer","display_name":"Mixed layer","score":0.4282303750514984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-determination","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","score":0.41749900579452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.40524300932884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.3722139298915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.35627037286758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.30253997445106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upwelling","display_name":"Upwelling","score":0.29466313123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1015806496143341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.6339475512504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6173447966575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13724139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042818","display_name":"Empirical orthogonal functions","level":2,"score":0.47247880697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119601563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2315892","display_name":"Downwelling","level":3,"score":0.44782790541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4456920921802521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122120755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043905","display_name":"Mixed layer","level":2,"score":0.4282303750514984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128990827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192830","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","level":2,"score":0.41749900579452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.40524300932884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.3722139298915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.35627037286758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.30253997445106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149348798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215915","display_name":"Upwelling","level":2,"score":0.29466313123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1015806496143341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142805","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2805/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d75dda80e494223a9eb1b1b84445ec4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d75dda80e494223a9eb1b1b84445ec4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2805 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2805/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2805","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142805","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2805/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8072130693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M681825","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186852258.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186852258.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504628310","https://openalex.org/W1505188323","https://openalex.org/W1632943599","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1966398280","https://openalex.org/W1977608537","https://openalex.org/W1981542592","https://openalex.org/W1992621428","https://openalex.org/W2001223907","https://openalex.org/W2007953659","https://openalex.org/W2029569069","https://openalex.org/W2032792414","https://openalex.org/W2037975235","https://openalex.org/W2045329005","https://openalex.org/W2048336613","https://openalex.org/W2050633491","https://openalex.org/W2051460181","https://openalex.org/W2052350133","https://openalex.org/W2052805709","https://openalex.org/W2055616801","https://openalex.org/W2064773850","https://openalex.org/W2069509182","https://openalex.org/W2072653423","https://openalex.org/W2075627575","https://openalex.org/W2080851550","https://openalex.org/W2088665921","https://openalex.org/W2093708135","https://openalex.org/W2094030486","https://openalex.org/W2097046305","https://openalex.org/W2097542185","https://openalex.org/W2098650814","https://openalex.org/W2113297575","https://openalex.org/W2119844460","https://openalex.org/W2129167631","https://openalex.org/W2130378296","https://openalex.org/W2133920545","https://openalex.org/W2146096736","https://openalex.org/W2156731039","https://openalex.org/W2161480748","https://openalex.org/W2165622260","https://openalex.org/W2165811161","https://openalex.org/W2168433192","https://openalex.org/W2168507638","https://openalex.org/W2169832966","https://openalex.org/W2169883377","https://openalex.org/W2218575624","https://openalex.org/W2345962807","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2520610408","https://openalex.org/W2588295943","https://openalex.org/W2767549344","https://openalex.org/W2790899778","https://openalex.org/W2798476254","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2921550993","https://openalex.org/W2942851257","https://openalex.org/W2942919177","https://openalex.org/W3032512766","https://openalex.org/W3134952303","https://openalex.org/W3175797661","https://openalex.org/W4230916041","https://openalex.org/W4399647672","https://openalex.org/W6677446649","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125103907","https://openalex.org/W4282946448","https://openalex.org/W1999545906","https://openalex.org/W1992077674","https://openalex.org/W2387846325","https://openalex.org/W83214379","https://openalex.org/W2012471223","https://openalex.org/W2123113786","https://openalex.org/W2355686778","https://openalex.org/W217947231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sea":[0],"surface":[1,41,75,137,155,181],"partial":[2],"pressure":[3],"of":[4,14,56,118],"CO2":[5,16],"(pCO2)":[6],"is":[7,104,112,186],"a":[8,83,158],"critical":[9],"parameter":[10],"in":[11,23,77,124,139,183,203],"the":[12,25,52,73,78,89,98,107,116,125,129,135,140,151,179],"quantification":[13],"air\u2013sea":[15],"flux,":[17],"which":[18],"plays":[19],"an":[20],"important":[21],"role":[22],"calculating":[24],"global":[26],"carbon":[27],"budget":[28],"and":[29,45,63,115,164,173,192],"ocean":[30],"acidification.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33,184],"study,":[34],"we":[35],"used":[36],"chlorophyll-a":[37],"concentration":[38],"(Chla),":[39],"sea":[40,74,136,154,180,190],"temperature":[42,191],"(SST),":[43],"dissolved":[44],"particulate":[46],"detrital":[47],"matter":[48],"absorption":[49],"coefficient":[50,55,117],"(Adg),":[51],"diffuse":[53],"attenuation":[54],"downwelling":[57],"irradiance":[58],"at":[59],"490":[60],"nm":[61],"(Kd)":[62],"mixed":[64],"layer":[65],"depth":[66],"(MLD)":[67],"as":[68],"input":[69],"data":[70],"for":[71],"retrieving":[72],"pCO2":[76,138,156,182],"North":[79,141,152],"Atlantic":[80,142,153],"based":[81],"on":[82],"remote":[84],"sensing":[85],"empirical":[86],"approach":[87],"with":[88,161],"Categorical":[90],"Boosting":[91],"(CatBoost)":[92],"algorithm.":[93],"The":[94],"results":[95],"showed":[96],"that":[97,150],"root":[99],"mean":[100,108],"square":[101],"error":[102,110],"(RMSE)":[103],"8.25":[105],"\u03bcatm,":[106],"bias":[109],"(MAE)":[111],"4.92":[113],"\u03bcatm":[114],"determination":[119],"(R2)":[120],"can":[121,147,196],"reach":[122],"0.946":[123],"validation":[126],"set.":[127],"Subsequently,":[128],"proposed":[130],"algorithm":[131],"was":[132],"applied":[133],"to":[134],"Ocean":[143],"during":[144],"2003\u20132020.":[145],"It":[146],"be":[148,198],"found":[149],"has":[157],"clear":[159],"trend":[160],"latitude":[162],"variations":[163],"have":[165],"strong":[166],"seasonal":[167],"changes.":[168],"Furthermore,":[169],"through":[170],"variance":[171],"analysis":[172],"EOF":[174],"(empirical":[175],"orthogonal":[176],"function)":[177],"analysis,":[178],"area":[185],"mainly":[187],"affected":[188],"by":[189,200],"salinity,":[193],"while":[194],"it":[195],"also":[197],"influenced":[199],"biological":[201],"activities":[202],"some":[204],"sub-regions.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-08-02T00:00:00"}