{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179463534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142707","title":"Deep Learning on Airborne Radar Echograms for Tracing Snow Accumulation Layers of the Greenland Ice Sheet","display_name":"Deep Learning on Airborne Radar Echograms for Tracing Snow Accumulation Layers of the Greenland Ice Sheet","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179463534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142707","mag":"3179463534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142707","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2707/pdf?version=1626004459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2707/pdf?version=1626004459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071422014","display_name":"Debvrat Varshney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-1736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debvrat Varshney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010792548","display_name":"Maryam Rahnemoonfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-2836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Rahnemoonfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054476095","display_name":"Masoud Yari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-8683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Yari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071801848","display_name":"John Paden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0775-6284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Paden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144928","https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036470882","display_name":"Oluwanisola Ibikunle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-7360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwanisola Ibikunle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144928","https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041322989","display_name":"Jilu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8048-8186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jilu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144928","https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010792548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.1424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86824389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2707","last_page":"2707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.8416533470153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-sheet","display_name":"Ice sheet","score":0.5501393675804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.530125081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenland-ice-sheet","display_name":"Greenland ice sheet","score":0.49549925327301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4883112907409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4556763768196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3793795108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.32077646255493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.09291911125183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.09113124012947083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.8416533470153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123750103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12599","display_name":"Ice sheet","level":2,"score":0.5501393675804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.530125081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1542432","display_name":"Greenland ice sheet","level":3,"score":0.49549925327301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4883112907409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4556763768196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3793795108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.32077646255493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09291911125183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.09113124012947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142707","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2707/pdf?version=1626004459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ae1e73dfda2403d86b1730d1b0e0817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ae1e73dfda2403d86b1730d1b0e0817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2707 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2707/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2707","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142707","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2707/pdf?version=1626004459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6463758656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1838230, IIS-1838024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179463534.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179463534.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513512681","https://openalex.org/W2022193890","https://openalex.org/W2048425735","https://openalex.org/W2078372154","https://openalex.org/W2085313846","https://openalex.org/W2168894214","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2252220274","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2547451222","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2622542886","https://openalex.org/W2749581528","https://openalex.org/W2771124624","https://openalex.org/W2782364420","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2908740848","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2927980542","https://openalex.org/W2953129827","https://openalex.org/W2963587345","https://openalex.org/W2964046962","https://openalex.org/W2988418189","https://openalex.org/W2990264033","https://openalex.org/W2995550158","https://openalex.org/W3006741963","https://openalex.org/W3008077044","https://openalex.org/W3034785488","https://openalex.org/W3036506870","https://openalex.org/W3037529526","https://openalex.org/W3092922965","https://openalex.org/W3101507774","https://openalex.org/W3130313995","https://openalex.org/W3131023837","https://openalex.org/W3131260895","https://openalex.org/W4301802631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1721371904","https://openalex.org/W2955521286","https://openalex.org/W2924911452","https://openalex.org/W3004634341","https://openalex.org/W2995424433","https://openalex.org/W2276037845","https://openalex.org/W598752169","https://openalex.org/W2981524799","https://openalex.org/W3044184688","https://openalex.org/W3137213481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Climate":[0],"change":[1],"is":[2,22,33],"extensively":[3],"affecting":[4],"ice":[5,27,43,66,112,187],"sheets":[6],"resulting":[7],"in":[8,12,46,77,100,176],"accelerating":[9],"mass":[10,28,40],"loss":[11],"recent":[13],"decades.":[14],"Assessment":[15],"of":[16,37,42,95,129,138,180],"this":[17,84],"reduction":[18],"and":[19,53,72,125],"its":[20],"causes":[21],"required":[23],"to":[24,57,90,140,174],"project":[25],"future":[26],"loss.":[29],"Annual":[30],"snow":[31,48,75,98,131,149,181],"accumulation":[32,49,182],"an":[34],"important":[35],"component":[36],"the":[38,78,93,101,110,127,177,184],"surface":[39],"balance":[41],"sheets.":[44,188],"While":[45],"situ":[47],"measurements":[50],"are":[51],"temporally":[52],"spatially":[54],"limited":[55],"due":[56],"their":[58],"high":[59],"cost,":[60],"airborne":[61],"radar":[62,79,123],"sounders":[63],"can":[64,152,168],"achieve":[65],"sheet":[67],"wide":[68],"coverage":[69],"by":[70],"capturing":[71],"tracking":[73],"annual":[74,97],"layers":[76],"images":[80,120],"or":[81],"echograms.":[82],"In":[83],"paper,":[85],"we":[86],"use":[87],"deep":[88,165],"learning":[89,166],"uniquely":[91],"identify":[92],"position":[94],"each":[96,130],"layer":[99,132,150],"Snow":[102],"Radar":[103],"echograms":[104,124],"taken":[105],"across":[106],"different":[107],"regions":[108],"over":[109],"Greenland":[111],"sheet.":[113],"We":[114],"train":[115],"with":[116,171],"more":[117],"than":[118],"15,000":[119],"generated":[121],"from":[122],"estimate":[126],"thickness":[128,151],"within":[133],"a":[134,163],"mean":[135],"absolute":[136],"error":[137],"0.54":[139],"7.28":[141],"pixels,":[142],"depending":[143],"on":[144,183],"dataset.":[145],"A":[146],"highly":[147],"precise":[148],"help":[153],"improve":[154],"weather":[155],"models":[156],"and,":[157],"thus,":[158],"support":[159],"glaciological":[160],"studies.":[161],"Such":[162],"well-trained":[164],"model":[167],"be":[169],"used":[170],"ever-growing":[172],"datasets":[173],"aid":[175],"accurate":[178],"assessment":[179],"dynamically":[185],"changing":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
