{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179780740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142681","title":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation over Sea Surface from Radar Scattering Based on Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation over Sea Surface from Radar Scattering Based on Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179780740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142681","mag":"3179780740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142681","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2681/pdf?version=1626075832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2681/pdf?version=1626075832","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002927784","display_name":"Xiuyi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5518-9424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuyi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059657382","display_name":"Ying Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-8420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109400962","display_name":"Kun\u2010Shan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-9861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun-Shan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059657382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3713,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81129141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2681","last_page":"2681"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6418567895889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.63053959608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5929582715034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5520938038825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.509456217288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.5084120631217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.4963884949684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.43967896699905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.409201443195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.40009498596191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3544642925262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20012590289115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1411173939704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10065436363220215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6418567895889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.63053959608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5929582715034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5520938038825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.509456217288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5084120631217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.4963884949684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.43967896699905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.409201443195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.40009498596191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3544642925262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20012590289115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1411173939704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10065436363220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142681","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2681/pdf?version=1626075832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b3a2e482afc47bb89cecb5e8d43e890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b3a2e482afc47bb89cecb5e8d43e890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2681 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2681/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2681","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142681","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2681/pdf?version=1626075832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179780740.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179780740.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W429109777","https://openalex.org/W1521023302","https://openalex.org/W1589236794","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1952629836","https://openalex.org/W1966967907","https://openalex.org/W1973031729","https://openalex.org/W1974513581","https://openalex.org/W1983600173","https://openalex.org/W1994733730","https://openalex.org/W2064223554","https://openalex.org/W2066218102","https://openalex.org/W2070960269","https://openalex.org/W2080515327","https://openalex.org/W2091816760","https://openalex.org/W2092055157","https://openalex.org/W2101222278","https://openalex.org/W2101658087","https://openalex.org/W2101928763","https://openalex.org/W2103384175","https://openalex.org/W2104337872","https://openalex.org/W2110789499","https://openalex.org/W2113033718","https://openalex.org/W2116414176","https://openalex.org/W2116431924","https://openalex.org/W2126369707","https://openalex.org/W2126528522","https://openalex.org/W2130058948","https://openalex.org/W2136274821","https://openalex.org/W2140410274","https://openalex.org/W2145447436","https://openalex.org/W2150070410","https://openalex.org/W2153750271","https://openalex.org/W2171006361","https://openalex.org/W2471253955","https://openalex.org/W2604626072","https://openalex.org/W2897361856","https://openalex.org/W2897710113","https://openalex.org/W2908910867","https://openalex.org/W2921276843","https://openalex.org/W2921464646","https://openalex.org/W2945594822","https://openalex.org/W4246620621","https://openalex.org/W6614839711","https://openalex.org/W6638492460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068843146","https://openalex.org/W2462749609","https://openalex.org/W2545123933","https://openalex.org/W3127689436","https://openalex.org/W2288323322","https://openalex.org/W3198014086","https://openalex.org/W1981675605","https://openalex.org/W2585813813","https://openalex.org/W2042726296","https://openalex.org/W2096748030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"direction-of-arrival":[1],"(DOA)":[2],"estimation":[3,76,121,153],"methods":[4],"are":[5],"primarily":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,151],"point":[9,38],"source":[10,39],"scenarios":[11],"and":[12,53,64,94,137,160],"based":[13],"on":[14],"array":[15],"signal":[16],"processing.":[17],"However,":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,108,131],"the":[21,49,62,82,87,110,114,119,133,144],"local":[22],"scattering":[23],"caused":[24],"by":[25],"sea":[26,88,115,161],"surface,":[27],"signals":[28],"observed":[29],"from":[30,113],"radar":[31,59,84],"antenna":[32],"cannot":[33],"be":[34],"regarded":[35],"as":[36,42],"a":[37,43,73,125,148,155],"but":[40],"rather":[41],"spatially":[44],"dispersed":[45],"source.":[46],"Besides,":[47],"with":[48],"advantages":[50],"of":[51,67,86,158],"flexibility":[52],"comparably":[54],"low":[55],"cost,":[56],"synthetic":[57],"aperture":[58],"(SAR)":[60],"is":[61,101],"present":[63],"future":[65],"trend":[66],"space-based":[68],"systems.":[69],"This":[70,97],"paper":[71],"proposes":[72],"novel":[74],"DOA":[75,120,152],"approach":[77],"for":[78],"SAR":[79],"systems":[80],"using":[81],"simulated":[83],"measurement":[85],"surface":[89],"at":[90,154],"different":[91],"operating":[92],"frequencies":[93,159],"wind":[95,162],"speeds.":[96,163],"article\u2019s":[98],"forward":[99],"model":[100,106],"an":[102],"advanced":[103],"integral":[104],"equation":[105],"(AIEM)":[107],"calculate":[109],"electromagnetic":[111],"scattered":[112],"surface.":[116],"To":[117],"solve":[118],"problem,":[122],"we":[123],"introduce":[124],"convolutional":[126],"neural":[127],"network":[128],"(CNN)":[129],"framework":[130],"estimate":[132],"transmitter\u2019s":[134],"incident":[135,138],"angle":[136],"azimuth":[139],"angle.":[140],"Results":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"that":[143],"CNN":[145],"can":[146],"achieve":[147],"good":[149],"performance":[150],"wide":[156],"range":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
