{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3178501096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142665","title":"Workflow for Off-Site Bridge Inspection Using Automatic Damage Detection-Case Study of the Pahtajokk Bridge","display_name":"Workflow for Off-Site Bridge Inspection Using Automatic Damage Detection-Case Study of the Pahtajokk Bridge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3178501096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142665","mag":"3178501096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2665/pdf?version=1625649125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2665/pdf?version=1625649125","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042379779","display_name":"Ali Mirzazade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-3322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Mirzazade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040708922","display_name":"Cosmin Popescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9423-7436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}],"countries":["NO","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cosmin Popescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["SINTEF Narvik AS, 8517 Narvik, Norway","Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SINTEF Narvik AS, 8517 Narvik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032235860","display_name":"Thomas Blanksv\u00e4rd","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Blanksv\u00e4rd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005915138","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn T\u00e4ljsten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn T\u00e4ljsten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042379779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1975,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2130},"fwci":6.0089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96113473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2665","last_page":"2665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8151752948760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8091792464256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6231950521469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6211661696434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5563430786132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.5481796264648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4904308021068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4832494854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41891998052597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.41636785864830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3556365668773651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13498777151107788}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8151752948760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8091792464256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6231950521469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6211661696434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5563430786132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5481796264648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4904308021068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4832494854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41891998052597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.41636785864830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3556365668773651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13498777151107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2665/pdf?version=1625649125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:16c7a85355314a28aa81a58603d90690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/16c7a85355314a28aa81a58603d90690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2665 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2665/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2665","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sintef.brage.unit.no:11250/2764001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2764001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"22","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2665/pdf?version=1625649125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4819205370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-01515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321033","funder_display_name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321033","display_name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","ror":"https://ror.org/03pjs1y45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178501096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178501096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96161441","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W876084616","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1973577455","https://openalex.org/W2023628067","https://openalex.org/W2026413831","https://openalex.org/W2036340910","https://openalex.org/W2050085842","https://openalex.org/W2051230740","https://openalex.org/W2051272224","https://openalex.org/W2067302180","https://openalex.org/W2079577896","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104509690","https://openalex.org/W2111514454","https://openalex.org/W2125556102","https://openalex.org/W2141327902","https://openalex.org/W2150823344","https://openalex.org/W2160820159","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2486143898","https://openalex.org/W2605819347","https://openalex.org/W2619036887","https://openalex.org/W2762724040","https://openalex.org/W2768955070","https://openalex.org/W2804929899","https://openalex.org/W2883748225","https://openalex.org/W2885751965","https://openalex.org/W2887597701","https://openalex.org/W2889494142","https://openalex.org/W2903155537","https://openalex.org/W2904718489","https://openalex.org/W2908667960","https://openalex.org/W2910066819","https://openalex.org/W2918885827","https://openalex.org/W2936569268","https://openalex.org/W2941356554","https://openalex.org/W2948461581","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2973669391","https://openalex.org/W2979396152","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3120695505","https://openalex.org/W3134108147","https://openalex.org/W6663228444","https://openalex.org/W6680743854","https://openalex.org/W6683733964","https://openalex.org/W6753566648","https://openalex.org/W6759057345","https://openalex.org/W6999329509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981780420","https://openalex.org/W2182707996","https://openalex.org/W45233828","https://openalex.org/W2964988449","https://openalex.org/W2397952901","https://openalex.org/W2029380707","https://openalex.org/W188202134","https://openalex.org/W4255934811","https://openalex.org/W2465382974","https://openalex.org/W2010229520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,84,94,102,106,125,128,148,159,163,175,214,224,253,258],"inspection":[2,31,272],"of":[3,58,93,97,119,127,132,140,147,180,195,223,235],"structures,":[4],"particularly":[5],"bridges,":[6],"it":[7],"is":[8,35,231,247],"becoming":[9],"common":[10],"to":[11,100,213,218],"replace":[12],"humans":[13],"with":[14,37,44,82],"autonomous":[15,29,120,270],"systems":[16],"that":[17,89,243],"use":[18],"unmanned":[19],"aerial":[20],"vehicles":[21],"(UAV).":[22],"In":[23,169],"this":[24,227,267],"paper,":[25],"a":[26,33,38,197,220],"framework":[27],"for":[28,91,105,207,269],"bridge":[30,113,141,271],"using":[32,67,190,257],"UAV":[34,47,176],"proposed":[36],"four-step":[39],"workflow:":[40],"(a)":[41],"data":[42],"acquisition":[43],"an":[45],"efficient":[46,86],"flight":[48,87],"path,":[49],"(b)":[50],"computer":[51],"vision":[52],"comprising":[53],"training,":[54],"testing":[55],"and":[56,75,114,135,166,184,199,211,238,249],"validation":[57],"convolutional":[59],"neural":[60],"networks":[61],"(ConvNets),":[62],"(c)":[63],"point":[64,202,216,229,254],"cloud":[65,203,217,230,255],"generation":[66],"intelligent":[68],"hierarchical":[69],"dense":[70],"structure":[71],"from":[72],"motion":[73],"(DSfM),":[74],"(d)":[76],"damage":[77,115,137,185,188,242],"quantification.":[78],"This":[79],"workflow":[80,268],"starts":[81],"planning":[83],"most":[85],"path":[88],"allows":[90],"capturing":[92,177],"minimum":[95],"number":[96],"images":[98,179],"required":[99],"achieve":[101],"maximum":[103],"accuracy":[104],"desired":[107],"defect":[108],"size,":[109],"then":[110],"followed":[111],"by":[112,143],"recognition.":[116],"Three":[117],"types":[118],"detection":[121,165],"are":[122],"used:":[123],"masking":[124,144],"background":[126],"images,":[129],"detecting":[130,171],"areas":[131,173],"potential":[133],"damage,":[134],"pixel-wise":[136],"segmentation.":[138],"Detection":[139],"components":[142],"extraneous":[145],"parts":[146],"image,":[149],"such":[150],"as":[151],"vegetation,":[152],"sky,":[153],"roads":[154],"or":[155],"rivers,":[156],"can":[157,204],"improve":[158],"3D":[160],"reconstruction":[161],"in":[162,233],"feature":[164],"matching":[167],"stages.":[168],"addition,":[170],"damaged":[172],"involves":[174],"close-range":[178],"these":[181,208],"critical":[182],"regions,":[183],"segmentation":[186],"facilitates":[187],"quantification":[189],"2D":[191],"images.":[192],"By":[193],"application":[194],"DSfM,":[196],"denser":[198],"more":[200],"accurate":[201],"be":[205],"generated":[206,228,256],"detected":[209,246],"areas,":[210],"aligned":[212],"overall":[215],"create":[219],"digital":[221],"model":[222],"bridge.":[225],"Then,":[226],"evaluated":[232],"terms":[234],"outlier":[236],"noise,":[237],"surface":[239],"deviation.":[240],"Finally,":[241],"has":[244,273],"been":[245],"quantified":[248],"verified,":[250],"based":[251],"on":[252],"Terrestrial":[259],"Laser":[260],"Scanning":[261],"(TLS)":[262],"method.":[263],"The":[264],"results":[265],"indicate":[266],"potential.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-07-19T00:00:00"}