{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181919307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142661","title":"Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry to Measure Streamflow from Videos Recorded from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Fixed Imaging System","display_name":"Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry to Measure Streamflow from Videos Recorded from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Fixed Imaging System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181919307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142661","mag":"3181919307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142661","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2661/pdf?version=1625636848","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2661/pdf?version=1625636848","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100774652","display_name":"Wen\u2010Cheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-8806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125934054","display_name":"National United University","ror":"https://ror.org/04twccc71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Cheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-8806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106733662","display_name":"Chien\u2010Hsing Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125934054","display_name":"National United University","ror":"https://ror.org/04twccc71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Hsing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106478782","display_name":"Wei-Che Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125934054","display_name":"National United University","ror":"https://ror.org/04twccc71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Che Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Science, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Science, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100774652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125934054"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":3.9464,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93869208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2661","last_page":"2661"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seeding","display_name":"Seeding","score":0.8713762760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-image-velocimetry","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","score":0.7322694063186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-photography","display_name":"Aerial photography","score":0.6865170001983643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6073659658432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.602865993976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/velocimetry","display_name":"Velocimetry","score":0.5379173755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5085147619247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.5029634833335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4487902522087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.44678935408592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-velocity","display_name":"Flow velocity","score":0.44629061222076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3622138500213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23756709694862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1971009075641632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.17933085560798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17658865451812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.10646799206733704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36248471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445669","display_name":"Seeding","level":2,"score":0.8713762760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207857233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756248","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","level":3,"score":0.7322694063186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133214962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial photography","level":2,"score":0.6865170001983643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6073659658432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.602865993976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144836735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7919269","display_name":"Velocimetry","level":2,"score":0.5379173755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5085147619247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5029634833335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4487902522087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.44678935408592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166693061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462119","display_name":"Flow velocity","level":3,"score":0.44629061222076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3622138500213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23756709694862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1971009075641632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.17933085560798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17658865451812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10646799206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142661","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2661/pdf?version=1625636848","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2e63fe712a494410896a217f1e6a691b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2e63fe712a494410896a217f1e6a691b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2661 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2661/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2661","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142661","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2661/pdf?version=1625636848","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2749209487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2625-M-239-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181919307.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181919307.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504073505","https://openalex.org/W1896054500","https://openalex.org/W1941743477","https://openalex.org/W1952678089","https://openalex.org/W1973396059","https://openalex.org/W2005375140","https://openalex.org/W2006907724","https://openalex.org/W2007276265","https://openalex.org/W2008352040","https://openalex.org/W2031538550","https://openalex.org/W2032146370","https://openalex.org/W2038409881","https://openalex.org/W2045998034","https://openalex.org/W2072588783","https://openalex.org/W2112480589","https://openalex.org/W2134333820","https://openalex.org/W2138221697","https://openalex.org/W2168993830","https://openalex.org/W2194998131","https://openalex.org/W2247092850","https://openalex.org/W2278572423","https://openalex.org/W2290664497","https://openalex.org/W2292883899","https://openalex.org/W2398419033","https://openalex.org/W2416436346","https://openalex.org/W2528564228","https://openalex.org/W2560807182","https://openalex.org/W2588678729","https://openalex.org/W2594502636","https://openalex.org/W2613661221","https://openalex.org/W2624387057","https://openalex.org/W2624443265","https://openalex.org/W2729841935","https://openalex.org/W2766241550","https://openalex.org/W2767936722","https://openalex.org/W2775964625","https://openalex.org/W2783695727","https://openalex.org/W2786136133","https://openalex.org/W2792257242","https://openalex.org/W2850598903","https://openalex.org/W2883091105","https://openalex.org/W2884788667","https://openalex.org/W2885055291","https://openalex.org/W2890404982","https://openalex.org/W2902440689","https://openalex.org/W2904718222","https://openalex.org/W2913836248","https://openalex.org/W2959686891","https://openalex.org/W2977599245","https://openalex.org/W2999271209","https://openalex.org/W3003586979","https://openalex.org/W3007565530","https://openalex.org/W3009017987","https://openalex.org/W3014025174","https://openalex.org/W3023806791","https://openalex.org/W3028706008","https://openalex.org/W3033740409","https://openalex.org/W3042846031","https://openalex.org/W3049353669","https://openalex.org/W3083462609","https://openalex.org/W3083600935","https://openalex.org/W3089041440","https://openalex.org/W3091821738","https://openalex.org/W3097535281","https://openalex.org/W3101374360","https://openalex.org/W3116657423","https://openalex.org/W3121844054","https://openalex.org/W3133932554","https://openalex.org/W3156990795","https://openalex.org/W3161349071","https://openalex.org/W4302406231","https://openalex.org/W6753129400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2511269932","https://openalex.org/W2999271209","https://openalex.org/W3097535281","https://openalex.org/W2326809566","https://openalex.org/W2142838535","https://openalex.org/W2192110567","https://openalex.org/W2013915751","https://openalex.org/W2897155784","https://openalex.org/W2018118674","https://openalex.org/W4200299497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"accuracy":[1],"of":[2,14,92,105,152,172,203,225,277],"river":[3,24],"velocity":[4,233,276],"measurements":[5],"plays":[6],"an":[7,70],"important":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,57],"the":[11,58,88,93,170,181,229,240,274],"effective":[12],"management":[13],"water":[15,39],"resources.":[16],"Various":[17],"methods":[18],"have":[19],"been":[20],"developed":[21],"to":[22,33,271],"measure":[23,273],"velocity.":[25],"Currently,":[26],"image-based":[27],"techniques":[28],"provide":[29],"a":[30,76,100,129,149,198,253],"promising":[31],"approach":[32],"avoid":[34],"physical":[35],"contact":[36],"with":[37,102,159,186,200,252],"targeted":[38],"bodies":[40],"by":[41,69],"researchers.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"study,":[45],"measured":[46,94,231],"surface":[47,95,232,275],"velocities":[48,96],"collected":[49],"under":[50],"low":[51,85],"flow":[52,55,86,179],"and":[53,75,82,108,158,167,194,206,212,217,245,260],"high":[54,178],"conditions":[56],"Houlong":[59],"River,":[60],"Taiwan,":[61],"using":[62,97,123,141,187,250],"large-scale":[63],"particle":[64,162],"image":[65,246],"velocimetry":[66],"(LSPIV)":[67],"captured":[68],"unmanned":[71],"aerial":[72,146],"vehicle":[73],"(UAV)":[74],"terrestrial":[77,130,191],"fixed":[78,131,192],"station":[79,132],"were":[80,164,209,255],"analyzed":[81],"compared.":[83],"Under":[84,177],"conditions,":[87,180],"mean":[89,137,182],"absolute":[90,138,183],"errors":[91,139,184],"LSPIV":[98,124,142,188,195,251],"from":[99,128,144,190,197],"UAV":[101,145,199,222,254],"shooting":[103],"heights":[104,202],"9,":[106],"12,":[107],"15":[109],"m":[110,154,208,227],"fell":[111,168],"within":[112,169],"0.055":[113],"\u00b1":[114,174],"0.015":[115],"m/s,":[116,214,219],"which":[117],"was":[118],"lower":[119],"than":[120],"that":[121,239],"obtained":[122,140],"on":[125],"video":[126],"recorded":[127],"(i.e.,":[133],"0.34":[134],"m/s).":[135],"derived":[143,189,196],"photography":[147,193],"at":[148],"flight":[150,201,223],"height":[151,224],"12":[153],"without":[155],"seeding":[156,161],"particles":[157],"different":[160],"densities":[163],"slightly":[165],"different,":[166],"range":[171],"0.095":[173],"0.025":[175],"m/s.":[176],"associated":[185],"32,":[204],"62,":[205],"112":[207],"0.46":[210],"m/s":[211],"0.49":[213],"0.27":[215],"m,":[216],"0.97":[218],"respectively.":[220,263],"A":[221],"62":[226],"yielded":[228],"best":[230],"result.":[234],"Moreover,":[235],"we":[236],"also":[237],"demonstrated":[238],"optimal":[241],"appropriate":[242],"interrogation":[243],"area":[244],"acquisition":[247],"time":[248],"interval":[249],"16":[256,258],"\u00d7":[257],"pixels":[259],"1/8":[261],"s,":[262],"These":[264],"two":[265],"parameters":[266],"should":[267],"be":[268],"carefully":[269],"adopted":[270],"accurately":[272],"rivers.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}