{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181812231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142660","title":"Limiting Accuracy of Height Measurement for a Precision Radar Altimeter in a Low Altitude Flying Vehicle above the Sea Surface","display_name":"Limiting Accuracy of Height Measurement for a Precision Radar Altimeter in a Low Altitude Flying Vehicle above the Sea Surface","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181812231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142660","mag":"3181812231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142660","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2660/pdf?version=1626255889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2660/pdf?version=1626255889","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107834231","display_name":"A. I. Baskakov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171241948","display_name":"Moscow Power Engineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sa6gg87","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr I. Baskakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \u201cMPEI\u201d, Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \"MPEI\", Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \u201cMPEI\u201d, Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \"MPEI\", Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046674436","display_name":"\u0410. \u0410. Komarov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9404-2284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171241948","display_name":"Moscow Power Engineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sa6gg87","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey A. Komarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \u201cMPEI\u201d, Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \"MPEI\", Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \u201cMPEI\u201d, Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \"MPEI\", Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078857273","display_name":"A. V. Ruban","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171241948","display_name":"Moscow Power Engineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sa6gg87","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna V. Ruban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \u201cMPEI\u201d, Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \"MPEI\", Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \u201cMPEI\u201d, Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Devices and Antenna Systems, National Research University \"MPEI\", Krasnokazarmennaya 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171241948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014832920","display_name":"Min\u2010Ho Ka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-3481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min-Ho Ka","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 21983, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 21983, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014832920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.483,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62776627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2660","last_page":"2660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9695000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.8590142130851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-altimeter","display_name":"Radar altimeter","score":0.7851212024688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.6511425971984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6035822629928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5829334855079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5232771039009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.5228286385536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-height","display_name":"Sea-surface height","score":0.4753936529159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error","display_name":"Observational error","score":0.47078174352645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.42770764231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35496985912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19332224130630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1453225016593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13807600736618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07058766484260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.06797793507575989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.8590142130851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104030","display_name":"Radar altimeter","level":3,"score":0.7851212024688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.6511425971984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6035822629928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5829334855079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5232771039009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.5228286385536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142672198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7076157","display_name":"Sea-surface height","level":3,"score":0.4753936529159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.47078174352645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.42770764231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35496985912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19332224130630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1453225016593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13807600736618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07058766484260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.06797793507575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142660","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2660/pdf?version=1626255889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a8744114f3741c7afec26c4f2e930aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a8744114f3741c7afec26c4f2e930aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2660 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2660/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2660","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142660","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2660/pdf?version=1626255889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071639259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8679234801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C2006025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321079","display_name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh1ke95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181812231.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181812231.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980432646","https://openalex.org/W2016177391","https://openalex.org/W2034828674","https://openalex.org/W2042274745","https://openalex.org/W2045932477","https://openalex.org/W2131384601","https://openalex.org/W2156250712","https://openalex.org/W2291729162","https://openalex.org/W2468140720","https://openalex.org/W2527159626","https://openalex.org/W3023775953","https://openalex.org/W3132128778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2983603732","https://openalex.org/W1981261376","https://openalex.org/W1932401576","https://openalex.org/W2526858084","https://openalex.org/W2137313801","https://openalex.org/W2750994720","https://openalex.org/W2091082566","https://openalex.org/W2088906199","https://openalex.org/W2020530665","https://openalex.org/W2155297530"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"mathematical":[3],"analysis":[4,171],"and":[5,105,169],"numerical":[6],"modeling":[7],"for":[8,21,200],"the":[9,18,36,40,46,51,59,63,68,75,80,84,87,91,94,97,100,108,113,116,120,124,127,131,145,149,163,166,170,173,177,181,184,192,201,212,225],"estimation":[10,16,57,98,128,167,185],"of":[11,14,35,50,58,70,77,96,99,110,126,130,134,144,148,165,172,176,183,204,224],"measurement":[12,133,179],"errors":[13,129,186,223],"height":[15,56,85,132,178,222],"over":[17],"sea":[19,41,52,89,150,194,213],"surface":[20,42,53,121,151,195],"a":[22,28,135,141,153,205],"precision":[23,138],"radar":[24,139],"altimeter":[25],"installed":[26],"in":[27,187],"low":[29,136,209],"altitude":[30,137,210],"flying":[31,60,206],"vehicle.":[32],"Reflective":[33],"properties":[34],"electromagnetic":[37],"signals":[38,66],"from":[39,62],"are":[43],"determined":[44],"by":[45,152],"local":[47],"backscattering":[48],"patterns":[49],"illuminated.":[54],"The":[55,197],"vehicle":[61,207],"received":[64],"echo":[65],"at":[67,208],"output":[69],"its":[71],"tracking":[72],"system":[73,219],"is":[74,83,93,103,115,156],"sum":[76],"three":[78],"factors:":[79],"first":[81],"factor":[82],"to":[86,119,216],"average":[88],"level":[90],"second":[92],"bias":[95],"height,":[101],"which":[102],"time-varying":[104],"depends":[106],"on":[107],"slope":[109],"large-scale":[111,193],"roughness;":[112],"third":[114],"terms":[117],"related":[118],"topography.":[122],"For":[123],"calculation":[125,182],"altimeter,":[140],"reasonable":[142,218],"approximation":[143],"large":[146],"roughness":[147],"deterministic":[154],"function":[155,168],"necessary.":[157],"In":[158],"this":[159],"study,":[160],"we":[161],"performed":[162],"derivation":[164],"limiting":[174,202],"accuracy":[175,203],"using":[180],"spectral":[188],"domain":[189],"method":[190],"describing":[191],"roughness.":[196],"results":[198],"obtained":[199],"above":[211],"surface,":[214],"allows":[215],"obtain":[217],"parameters":[220],"minimizing":[221],"flight":[226],"altitude.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}