{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3178600350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132631","title":"A Comparison of Multi-Temporal RGB and Multispectral UAS Imagery for Tree Species Classification in Heterogeneous New Hampshire Forests","display_name":"A Comparison of Multi-Temporal RGB and Multispectral UAS Imagery for Tree Species Classification in Heterogeneous New Hampshire Forests","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3178600350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132631","mag":"3178600350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132631","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2631/pdf?version=1625554951","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2631/pdf?version=1625554951","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021289360","display_name":"Heather Grybas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4240-6178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heather Grybas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH 03824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH 03824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022247838","display_name":"Russell G. Congalton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell G. Congalton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH 03824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH 03824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021289360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92659578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2631","last_page":"2631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8923171758651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.720939040184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6810305118560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5954615473747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-pattern-recognition","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","score":0.4387938976287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.41234827041625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35547658801078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.33228734135627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23544418811798096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8923171758651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.720939040184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6810305118560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5954615473747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104541649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935090","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","level":3,"score":0.4387938976287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.41234827041625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35547658801078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.33228734135627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23544418811798096}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132631","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2631/pdf?version=1625554951","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.unh.edu:faculty_pubs-2321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/faculty_pubs/1316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196362","display_name":"University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I179093154","host_organization_name":"University of New Hampshire at Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179093154"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:775250b203ac477688bba967b6c5b1d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/775250b203ac477688bba967b6c5b1d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2631 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2631/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 13; Pages: 2631","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132631","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2631/pdf?version=1625554951","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178600350.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178600350.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29643851","https://openalex.org/W1969234587","https://openalex.org/W1976851203","https://openalex.org/W1978495503","https://openalex.org/W1981527205","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1990503995","https://openalex.org/W1998943389","https://openalex.org/W1999949151","https://openalex.org/W2002360302","https://openalex.org/W2004553299","https://openalex.org/W2005885990","https://openalex.org/W2014555541","https://openalex.org/W2019549520","https://openalex.org/W2034816582","https://openalex.org/W2042195394","https://openalex.org/W2058132610","https://openalex.org/W2065217067","https://openalex.org/W2066416082","https://openalex.org/W2085183305","https://openalex.org/W2089212648","https://openalex.org/W2089716607","https://openalex.org/W2093321230","https://openalex.org/W2103079830","https://openalex.org/W2123935991","https://openalex.org/W2134420993","https://openalex.org/W2145243492","https://openalex.org/W2146126838","https://openalex.org/W2150093133","https://openalex.org/W2150664932","https://openalex.org/W2156808278","https://openalex.org/W2170340597","https://openalex.org/W2170414295","https://openalex.org/W2175013224","https://openalex.org/W2175159455","https://openalex.org/W2206762869","https://openalex.org/W2235215170","https://openalex.org/W2257554162","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2279077827","https://openalex.org/W2295826279","https://openalex.org/W2313448762","https://openalex.org/W2323137278","https://openalex.org/W2326762910","https://openalex.org/W2408300602","https://openalex.org/W2470436150","https://openalex.org/W2504969653","https://openalex.org/W2515306179","https://openalex.org/W2522299681","https://openalex.org/W2573495669","https://openalex.org/W2580501251","https://openalex.org/W2591466624","https://openalex.org/W2603228623","https://openalex.org/W2603798200","https://openalex.org/W2609946914","https://openalex.org/W2615436872","https://openalex.org/W2620234846","https://openalex.org/W2743601682","https://openalex.org/W2754952061","https://openalex.org/W2767193133","https://openalex.org/W2767792795","https://openalex.org/W2768993095","https://openalex.org/W2770138631","https://openalex.org/W2770340534","https://openalex.org/W2771475405","https://openalex.org/W2780578005","https://openalex.org/W2783273524","https://openalex.org/W2791852688","https://openalex.org/W2792846923","https://openalex.org/W2793263498","https://openalex.org/W2803583446","https://openalex.org/W2807371277","https://openalex.org/W2810036798","https://openalex.org/W2886384139","https://openalex.org/W2886835193","https://openalex.org/W2910704546","https://openalex.org/W2911261286","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2953411856","https://openalex.org/W2962624785","https://openalex.org/W2970758423","https://openalex.org/W2982652103","https://openalex.org/W2998891120","https://openalex.org/W3005101149","https://openalex.org/W3047641146","https://openalex.org/W3084977120","https://openalex.org/W3087438473","https://openalex.org/W3111994125","https://openalex.org/W3125113274","https://openalex.org/W3140053374","https://openalex.org/W3161841436","https://openalex.org/W4210699701","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6694931204","https://openalex.org/W6700641724","https://openalex.org/W6713585877","https://openalex.org/W6724868818","https://openalex.org/W6743855144","https://openalex.org/W6752427408","https://openalex.org/W6767003527","https://openalex.org/W6781088198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4403391793","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W283587633","https://openalex.org/W2128126485","https://openalex.org/W4382563209","https://openalex.org/W2124952510","https://openalex.org/W2777937183","https://openalex.org/W2108633818","https://openalex.org/W1752760603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"systems":[2],"(UASs)":[3],"have":[4],"recently":[5],"become":[6],"an":[7],"affordable":[8],"means":[9],"to":[10,69,86,103,145,155,177,184],"map":[11],"forests":[12],"at":[13],"the":[14,20,47,54,62,106,119,150,178,194],"species":[15,52,160,164],"level,":[16],"but":[17],"research":[18],"into":[19],"performance":[21,63],"of":[22,50,64,71,78,91],"different":[23],"classification":[24,126,189],"methodologies":[25],"and":[26,60,88,93,112,121,161,191],"sensors":[27],"is":[28],"necessary":[29],"so":[30],"users":[31],"can":[32],"make":[33],"informed":[34],"choices":[35],"that":[36,70],"maximize":[37],"accuracy.":[38],"This":[39],"study":[40],"investigated":[41],"whether":[42,105,113],"multi-temporal":[43,94,107,125],"UAS":[44,79],"data":[45,58,80],"improved":[46,110,129],"classified":[48],"accuracy":[49,111,190],"14":[51],"examined":[53],"optimal":[55],"time-window":[56],"for":[57,188],"collection,":[59],"compared":[61],"a":[65,72,89],"consumer-grade":[66],"RGB":[67,120,169],"sensor":[68,170,196],"multispectral":[73,122,195],"sensor.":[74],"A":[75],"time":[76],"series":[77],"was":[81,133,182],"collected":[82],"from":[83],"early":[84],"spring":[85,147],"mid-summer":[87],"sequence":[90],"mono-temporal":[92],"classifications":[95,108],"were":[96,101,115,142],"carried":[97],"out.":[98],"Kappa":[99],"comparisons":[100],"conducted":[102],"ascertain":[104],"significantly":[109,128,172],"there":[114,132],"significant":[116,135],"differences":[117],"between":[118,159],"classifications.":[123],"The":[124,168],"approach":[127],"accuracy;":[130],"however,":[131],"no":[134],"benefit":[136],"when":[137],"more":[138],"than":[139],"three":[140],"dates":[141],"used.":[143],"Mid-":[144],"late":[146],"imagery":[148],"produced":[149],"highest":[151],"accuracies,":[152,174],"potentially":[153],"due":[154,176],"high":[156],"spectral":[157],"heterogeneity":[158],"homogeneity":[162],"within":[163],"during":[165],"this":[166],"time.":[167],"exhibited":[171],"higher":[173],"probably":[175],"blue":[179],"band,":[180],"which":[181],"found":[183],"be":[185],"very":[186],"important":[187],"lacking":[192],"in":[193],"employed":[197],"here.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2021-07-19T00:00:00"}
