{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181539305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132629","title":"Change Detection in Urban Point Clouds: An Experimental Comparison with Simulated 3D Datasets","display_name":"Change Detection in Urban Point Clouds: An Experimental Comparison with Simulated 3D Datasets","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181539305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132629","mag":"3181539305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2629/pdf?version=1625476082","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2629/pdf?version=1625476082","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058543438","display_name":"Iris de G\u00e9lis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-1907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164500","display_name":"Magellium (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/05r2f2383","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iris de G\u00e9lis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magellium, F-31000 Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magellium, F-31000 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024171000","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lef\u00e8vre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802204017","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/04ed7fw48","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802204017"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lef\u00e8vre","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRISA UMR 6074, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Sud, F-56000 Vannes, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRISA UMR 6074, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Sud, F-56000 Vannes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046531394","display_name":"Thomas Corpetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-138X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153176","display_name":"Littoral, Environnement, T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, G\u00e9omatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05sat2s07","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I3124938446","https://openalex.org/I4387153176","https://openalex.org/I4405260085","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Corpetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["LETG UMR 6554, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LETG UMR 6554, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153176","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058543438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.2689,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92148344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2629","last_page":"2629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7895360589027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6412732005119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6156627535820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.5629457831382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5017707347869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49318927526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.47723034024238586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4526628255844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4448346495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4433271586894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40326136350631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09555637836456299}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7895360589027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6412732005119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6156627535820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.5629457831382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5017707347869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49318927526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.47723034024238586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4526628255844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4448346495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4433271586894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40326136350631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09555637836456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2629/pdf?version=1625476082","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03354927v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03354927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 2021, 13 (13), pp.2629. ⟨10.3390/rs13132629⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55904552f6864fc6b3d88bf89a170109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55904552f6864fc6b3d88bf89a170109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2629 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2629/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 13; Pages: 2629","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2629/pdf?version=1625476082","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6168544096","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51/19030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","funder_display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181539305.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181539305.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558611393","https://openalex.org/W1975809100","https://openalex.org/W1993725860","https://openalex.org/W2029153117","https://openalex.org/W2031611300","https://openalex.org/W2045117002","https://openalex.org/W2063713992","https://openalex.org/W2077128746","https://openalex.org/W2119328569","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2139111983","https://openalex.org/W2165577558","https://openalex.org/W2184147624","https://openalex.org/W2199671173","https://openalex.org/W2272479860","https://openalex.org/W2285867173","https://openalex.org/W2381045249","https://openalex.org/W2411191225","https://openalex.org/W2417717768","https://openalex.org/W2512120810","https://openalex.org/W2543281563","https://openalex.org/W2572320040","https://openalex.org/W2593771152","https://openalex.org/W2612149202","https://openalex.org/W2614445056","https://openalex.org/W2751993439","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2776329698","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2789868482","https://openalex.org/W2791873954","https://openalex.org/W2895318830","https://openalex.org/W2903599431","https://openalex.org/W2920843349","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2942168805","https://openalex.org/W2944880913","https://openalex.org/W2969723782","https://openalex.org/W2980698124","https://openalex.org/W2981135847","https://openalex.org/W2982397294","https://openalex.org/W2994342516","https://openalex.org/W3011400527","https://openalex.org/W3026625556","https://openalex.org/W3027201985","https://openalex.org/W3096444215","https://openalex.org/W3099072020","https://openalex.org/W3099903705","https://openalex.org/W3122664740","https://openalex.org/W3204982343","https://openalex.org/W6644343196","https://openalex.org/W6658193674","https://openalex.org/W6709805378","https://openalex.org/W6716865823","https://openalex.org/W6729570968","https://openalex.org/W6755023631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568858292","https://openalex.org/W1515964938","https://openalex.org/W2389381914","https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2376528221","https://openalex.org/W196800607","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4399442168","https://openalex.org/W2114282491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,118],"the":[1,7,65,168,173,176,203,206,210,219,222,258],"context":[2],"of":[3,9,22,34,85,91,131,147,175,187,198,205,212,221,272,298,300],"rapid":[4],"urbanization,":[5],"monitoring":[6,38],"evolution":[8,40],"cities":[10],"is":[11,21,200],"crucial.":[12],"To":[13,288],"do":[14],"so,":[15],"3D":[16,29,50,132,194],"change":[17,51],"detection":[18,52],"and":[19,46,58,94,110,115,159,172,196],"characterization":[20],"capital":[23],"importance":[24,36],"since,":[25],"unlike":[26],"2D":[27,191],"images,":[28],"data":[30],"contain":[31],"vertical":[32,47],"information":[33],"utmost":[35],"to":[37,120,141,227,323],"city":[39],"(that":[41],"occurs":[42],"along":[43],"both":[44],"horizontal":[45],"axes).":[48],"Urban":[49],"has":[53,75],"thus":[54],"received":[55],"growing":[56],"attention,":[57],"various":[59,145,185,330],"methods":[60,150,181,215,242],"have":[61,151],"been":[62,76,152],"published":[63],"on":[64,71,154,218,233],"topic.":[66],"Nevertheless,":[67],"no":[68],"quantitative":[69],"comparison":[70,84],"a":[72,107,294],"public":[73,295],"dataset":[74,296,312],"reported":[77],"yet.":[78],"This":[79,311],"study":[80],"presents":[81],"an":[82,316],"experimental":[83],"six":[86],"methods:":[87],"three":[88],"traditional":[89],"(difference":[90],"DSMs,":[92],"C2C":[93],"M3C2),":[95],"one":[96,322],"machine":[97,240],"learning":[98,113,170,214,241,255],"with":[99,106,136,144,235,247,303,307,315],"hand-crafted":[100],"features":[101],"(a":[102],"random":[103],"forest":[104],"model":[105],"stability":[108],"feature)":[109],"two":[111],"deep":[112,213],"(feed-forward":[114],"Siamese":[116],"architectures).":[117],"order":[119],"compare":[121],"these":[122],"methods,":[123,164],"we":[124,165,182,292],"prepared":[125],"five":[126],"sub-datasets":[127],"containing":[128],"simulated":[129],"pairs":[130,299],"annotated":[133],"point":[134,301,327],"clouds":[135,302,328],"different":[137,236,304],"characteristics:":[138],"from":[139],"high":[140],"low":[142,253],"resolution,":[143],"levels":[146],"noise.":[148],"The":[149,180],"tested":[153],"each":[155,197],"sub-dataset":[156],"for":[157,282],"binary":[158],"multi-class":[160],"segmentation.":[161],"For":[162],"supervised":[163],"also":[166],"assessed":[167],"transfer":[169,254],"capacity":[171],"influence":[174],"training":[177,223,232,249],"set":[178],"size.":[179],"used":[183],"provide":[184,293],"kinds":[186],"results":[188],"(2D":[189],"pixels,":[190],"patches":[192],"or":[193],"points),":[195],"them":[199],"impacted":[201,230],"by":[202,231],"resolution":[204],"PCs.":[207],"However,":[208],"while":[209],"performances":[211],"highly":[216],"depend":[217],"size":[220],"set,":[224],"they":[225],"seem":[226],"be":[228],"less":[229],"datasets":[234,263],"characteristics.":[237],"Oppositely,":[238],"conventional":[239],"exhibit":[243],"stable":[244],"results,":[245],"even":[246],"smaller":[248],"sets,":[250],"but":[251],"embed":[252],"capacities.":[256],"While":[257],"main":[259],"changes":[260],"in":[261,276,285],"our":[262],"were":[264,268],"usually":[265],"identified,":[266],"there":[267],"still":[269],"numerous":[270],"instances":[271],"false":[273],"detection,":[274],"especially":[275],"dense":[277],"urban":[278,326],"areas,":[279],"thereby":[280],"calling":[281],"further":[283],"development":[284],"this":[286],"field.":[287],"assist":[289],"such":[290],"developments,":[291],"composed":[297],"qualities":[305],"together":[306],"their":[308],"change-related":[309],"annotations.":[310],"was":[313],"built":[314],"original":[317],"simulation":[318],"tool":[319],"which":[320],"allows":[321],"generate":[324],"bi-temporal":[325],"under":[329],"conditions.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2021-07-19T00:00:00"}