{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185423251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132598","title":"Optimal Solar Zenith Angle Definition for Combined Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/2B Data Angular Normalization Using Machine Learning Methods","display_name":"Optimal Solar Zenith Angle Definition for Combined Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/2B Data Angular Normalization Using Machine Learning Methods","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185423251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132598","mag":"3185423251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2598/pdf?version=1625317902","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2598/pdf?version=1625317902","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080895071","display_name":"Jian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-085X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011403859","display_name":"Baozhang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baozhang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080895071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2255,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55114445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2598","last_page":"2598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.7451775074005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.657638430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.623222827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-zenith-angle","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","score":0.6205456852912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6183346509933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.5121431350708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.4216718375682831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.4207457900047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.39745575189590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33578357100486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32131296396255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29185110330581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1660291850566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12368234992027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09444507956504822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.7451775074005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.657638430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.623222827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776573159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556691","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","level":2,"score":0.6205456852912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6183346509933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.5121431350708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.4216718375682831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.4207457900047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39745575189590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33578357100486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32131296396255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29185110330581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1660291850566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12368234992027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09444507956504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2598/pdf?version=1625317902","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50187ae3a3424ce1991442fb6f7acbe6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50187ae3a3424ce1991442fb6f7acbe6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2598 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2598/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 13; Pages: 2598","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2598/pdf?version=1625317902","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2612794369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3220686747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41271116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4009049029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Startup","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4067282226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41977404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5322966572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018r071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","funder_display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7608752429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Talent","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7679402529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0503904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324849","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185423251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185423251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W633320881","https://openalex.org/W1970360626","https://openalex.org/W1976892847","https://openalex.org/W1996777760","https://openalex.org/W2007342648","https://openalex.org/W2024339093","https://openalex.org/W2042978621","https://openalex.org/W2045256553","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2084668217","https://openalex.org/W2094254352","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2107386393","https://openalex.org/W2121690928","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2167881994","https://openalex.org/W2188083314","https://openalex.org/W2291080140","https://openalex.org/W2413379912","https://openalex.org/W2506526241","https://openalex.org/W2507428124","https://openalex.org/W2531213996","https://openalex.org/W2736022141","https://openalex.org/W2745131289","https://openalex.org/W2751786729","https://openalex.org/W2764320286","https://openalex.org/W2803867753","https://openalex.org/W2897285410","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2937677292","https://openalex.org/W2958038879","https://openalex.org/W2962768350","https://openalex.org/W2996041315","https://openalex.org/W2998678080","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3000508506","https://openalex.org/W3005739096","https://openalex.org/W3034177499","https://openalex.org/W3045331167","https://openalex.org/W3087408166","https://openalex.org/W3105758293","https://openalex.org/W6630956611","https://openalex.org/W6662101812","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6675823452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158390153","https://openalex.org/W2066990849","https://openalex.org/W2030197634","https://openalex.org/W1648600398","https://openalex.org/W2884884583","https://openalex.org/W4377992086","https://openalex.org/W2593271589","https://openalex.org/W2018798426","https://openalex.org/W2000112597","https://openalex.org/W1978359390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"from":[1,55,86],"Landsat-8":[2,29],"and":[3,30,97,115,144,179,200,218,231,250],"Sentinel-2A/2B":[4,31],"are":[5,119,253],"often":[6],"combined":[7,59,88,269],"for":[8,48,80,260],"terrestrial":[9],"monitoring":[10],"because":[11],"of":[12,40,51,66,83,105,125,136,155,191,198,203,206,212,216,221],"their":[13],"similar":[14],"spectral":[15],"bands.":[16],"The":[17,92],"bidirectional":[18,84],"reflectance":[19,32,54,85],"distribution":[20],"function":[21],"(BRDF)":[22],"effect":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25],"observed":[26,93],"in":[27,90,101,110],"both":[28],"data.":[33,60,270],"However,":[34],"there":[35],"is":[36,46,78,258],"currently":[37],"no":[38],"definition":[39],"solar":[41],"zenith":[42],"angle":[43],"(\u03b8sz)":[44],"that":[45,77,154],"suitable":[47,79],"the":[49,52,56,64,81,87,98,102,111,123,126,133,162,166,171,176,229,238,244,262,266],"normalization":[50,82],"BRDF-adjusted":[53],"three":[57,99,267],"sensors\u2019":[58,268],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"describes":[63],"use":[65],"four":[67],"machine":[68],"learning":[69],"(ML)":[70],"models":[71,135,233],"to":[72,121,153,164],"predict":[73,165],"a":[74,130,185,193,201,226],"global":[75,131,167,263],"\u03b8sz":[76,94,264],"data":[89],"2018.":[91],"collected":[95],"globally,":[96],"locations":[100],"Democratic":[103],"Republic":[104],"Congo":[106],"(26.622\u00b0E,":[107],"0.356\u00b0N),":[108],"Texas":[109],"USA":[112],"(99.406\u00b0W":[113],"30.751\u00b0N),":[114],"Finland":[116],"(25.194\u00b0E,":[117],"61.653\u00b0N),":[118],"chosen":[120],"compare":[122],"performance":[124,152,174],"ML":[127,134],"models.":[128],"At":[129],"scale,":[132],"Support":[137],"Vector":[138],"Regression":[139,147],"(SVR),":[140],"Multi-Layer":[141],"Perception":[142],"(MLP),":[143],"Gaussian":[145],"Process":[146],"(GPR)":[148],"exhibit":[149],"comparably":[150],"good":[151],"polynomial":[156,239],"regression,":[157,240],"considering":[158,175],"center":[159,177,248],"latitude":[160,178,249],"as":[161,182,255],"input":[163],"\u03b8sz.":[168],"GPR":[169,232,242,257],"achieves":[170],"best":[172,245],"overall":[173],"acquisition":[180,251],"time":[181,252],"inputs,":[183],"with":[184,241],"root":[186],"mean":[187,194],"square":[188],"error":[189,196],"(RMSE)":[190],"1.390\u00b0,":[192],"absolute":[195],"(MAE)":[197],"0.689\u00b0,":[199],"coefficient":[202],"determination":[204],"(R2)":[205],"0.994.":[207],"SVR":[208,230],"shows":[209],"an":[210,214,219],"RMSE":[211],"1.396\u00b0,":[213],"MAE":[215],"0.638\u00b0,":[217],"R2":[220],"0.994,":[222],"following":[223],"GPR.":[224],"For":[225],"specific":[227],"location,":[228],"have":[234],"higher":[235],"accuracy":[236],"than":[237],"exhibiting":[243],"performance,":[246],"when":[247],"considered":[254],"inputs.":[256],"recommended":[259],"predicting":[261],"using":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2021-08-02T00:00:00"}