{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185035294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","title":"Bridge Foundation River Scour and Infill Characterisation Using Water-Penetrating Radar","display_name":"Bridge Foundation River Scour and Infill Characterisation Using Water-Penetrating Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185035294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","mag":"3185035294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2542/pdf?version=1625039420","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2542/pdf?version=1625039420","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062638051","display_name":"Kristopher Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3655-7196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160589","display_name":"Department for Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/05p3n6281","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kris E. J. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Infrastructure (Northern Ireland), Clarence Court, Belfast BT2 8GB, UK","School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Infrastructure (Northern Ireland), Clarence Court, Belfast BT2 8GB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160589"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039332754","display_name":"Alastair Ruffell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6072-501X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alastair Ruffell","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059427958","display_name":"Jamie K. Pringle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0009-361X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","display_name":"Keele University","ror":"https://ror.org/00340yn33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Pringle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geology & Environment, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geology & Environment, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060863776","display_name":"David Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-0017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084090924","display_name":"Susan Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-1928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of the Natural Built Environment, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066071915","display_name":"Brian Devlin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152285","display_name":"Bedford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/045s3rx57","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133600","https://openalex.org/I4210152285"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Devlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bedford House, 16-22 Bedford Street, Belfast BT2 7FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bedford House, 16-22 Bedford Street, Belfast BT2 7FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152285"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062638051"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945","https://openalex.org/I4210160589"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.4265,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87789705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2542","last_page":"2542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.675294041633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge-scour","display_name":"Bridge scour","score":0.6679840683937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5233884453773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5056710243225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.4954437017440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.49251922965049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.4844632148742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.4241794943809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pier","display_name":"Pier","score":0.42092522978782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4077739119529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.35013318061828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3207595944404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26650696992874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.2300768792629242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.17275470495224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09392344951629639}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.675294041633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43315350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4966469","display_name":"Bridge scour","level":3,"score":0.6679840683937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5233884453773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5056710243225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.4954437017440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.49251922965049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4844632148742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.4241794943809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157892014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335297","display_name":"Pier","level":2,"score":0.42092522978782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4077739119529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.35013318061828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3207595944404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26650696992874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.2300768792629242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.17275470495224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09392344951629639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2542/pdf?version=1625039420","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/94bfcb27-413a-4867-ad74-d203b9eb07af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/94bfcb27-413a-4867-ad74-d203b9eb07af","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/247253440/Character.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Campbell , K E J , Ruffell , A , Pringle , J , Hughes , D , Taylor , S & Devlin , B 2021 , ' Bridge foundation river scour and infill characterisation using water-penetrating radar ' , Remote Sensing , vol. 13 , no. 13 , 2542 . https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb87a8ff74b04d07822082102befad56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb87a8ff74b04d07822082102befad56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2542 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.keele.ac.uk:9753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/9753/3/remotesensing-13-02542-v2.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402149","display_name":"Keele Research Repository (Keele University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","host_organization_name":"Keele University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2542/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 13; Pages: 2542","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132542","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2542/pdf?version=1625039420","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320278","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320357","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321832","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185035294.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185035294.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W266862443","https://openalex.org/W1515543311","https://openalex.org/W1592767550","https://openalex.org/W1975232254","https://openalex.org/W2005808559","https://openalex.org/W2007547438","https://openalex.org/W2036309053","https://openalex.org/W2095806561","https://openalex.org/W2111095434","https://openalex.org/W2121309547","https://openalex.org/W2123717866","https://openalex.org/W2133106104","https://openalex.org/W2134404559","https://openalex.org/W2136149108","https://openalex.org/W2136312009","https://openalex.org/W2468308976","https://openalex.org/W2536035142","https://openalex.org/W2607789129","https://openalex.org/W2999927509","https://openalex.org/W3126440631","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3156045638","https://openalex.org/W3216040693","https://openalex.org/W6720000954","https://openalex.org/W6772628785","https://openalex.org/W6789930285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993199764","https://openalex.org/W2349861907","https://openalex.org/W1971195832","https://openalex.org/W2245034734","https://openalex.org/W2370633199","https://openalex.org/W2762308300","https://openalex.org/W2941938113","https://openalex.org/W2740961624","https://openalex.org/W2875655428","https://openalex.org/W4312106688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inspections":[0],"of":[1,14,36,58,70,82,128,151],"engineered":[2,152],"structures":[3,65,153],"below":[4],"water":[5,84],"level":[6],"are":[7,66,72],"essential":[8],"to":[9,18,27,79,119],"ensure":[10],"the":[11,33,55,59,80,83,125,148],"long-term":[12],"serviceability":[13],"bridge":[15,37],"infrastructure":[16],"and":[17,40,64,86,144],"avoid":[19],"major":[20],"damage":[21],"or":[22,99],"failure.":[23],"This":[24,136],"research":[25],"aimed":[26],"investigate":[28],"integrated":[29,142],"geophysical":[30],"technologies":[31],"for":[32,141],"underwater":[34],"inspection":[35],"foundation-related":[38],"scour":[39,130],"erodible":[41],"scour-based":[42],"infill.":[43],"Survey":[44],"methods":[45],"focused":[46],"on":[47],"Water-Penetrating":[48],"Radar":[49],"(WPR),":[50],"supplemented":[51],"by":[52],"sonar.":[53],"Whilst":[54],"survey":[56,81],"benefits":[57,140],"sonar":[60,102,143],"imaging":[61],"water\u2013sediment":[62],"interface":[63],"well":[67,123],"known,":[68],"those":[69],"WPR":[71,108,145],"not.":[73],"However,":[74],"it":[75],"is":[76],"ideally":[77],"suited":[78],"base":[85],"sub-sediment":[87],"in":[88,131,147],"shallow":[89],"(>10":[90],"m)":[91],"freshwater,":[92],"especially":[93],"where":[94],"suspended":[95],"sediment,":[96],"weed":[97],"infestation":[98],"methane":[100],"impede":[101],"results.":[103],"Our":[104],"work":[105],"produced":[106],"good":[107],"imagery":[109],"acquired":[110],"from":[111],"small,":[112],"manoeuvrable":[113],"boats":[114],"that":[115],"allowed":[116],"bathymetric":[117],"profiles":[118],"be":[120],"plotted,":[121],"as":[122,124],"likely":[126],"locations":[127],"soft-sediment":[129],"future":[132],"high-water":[133],"flow":[134],"events.":[135],"study":[137],"provides":[138],"clear":[139],"surveys":[146],"quantitative":[149],"assessment":[150],"within":[154],"freshwater.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-08-02T00:00:00"}