{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174028629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132531","title":"Thermal Imaging Shows Submarine Groundwater Discharge Plumes Associated with Ancient Settlements on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile)","display_name":"Thermal Imaging Shows Submarine Groundwater Discharge Plumes Associated with Ancient Settlements on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile)","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174028629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132531","mag":"3174028629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2531/pdf?version=1625039328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2531/pdf?version=1625039328","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067907879","display_name":"Robert J. DiNapoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2180-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. DiNapoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056747284","display_name":"Carl P. Lipo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-3590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl P. Lipo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011539286","display_name":"Timothy S. de Smet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy S. de Smet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA","Environmental Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025990592","display_name":"Terry L. Hunt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6257-8533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry L. Hunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honors College and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honors College and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067907879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87609155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2531","last_page":"2531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12473","display_name":"Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12473","display_name":"Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12073","display_name":"Isotope Analysis in Ecology","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-groundwater-discharge","display_name":"Submarine groundwater discharge","score":0.7909748554229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-settlement","display_name":"Human settlement","score":0.5629258155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.5264331102371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine","display_name":"Submarine","score":0.4846959412097931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4585307836532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.3197448253631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28459155559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24931836128234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.20433151721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer","display_name":"Aquifer","score":0.06352075934410095}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777493711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631636","display_name":"Submarine groundwater discharge","level":4,"score":0.7909748554229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.5629258155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.5264331102371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.4846959412097931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4585307836532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.3197448253631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28459155559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24931836128234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.20433151721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.06352075934410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2531/pdf?version=1625039328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.arizona.edu:10150/661222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/661222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400271","display_name":"UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","host_organization_name":"University of Arizona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46c1d85122494a6385811ac096c692e3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46c1d85122494a6385811ac096c692e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2531 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2531/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2531/pdf?version=1625039328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7982528504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Lewis","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306603","funder_display_name":"American Philosophical Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G904375342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1841420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306603","display_name":"American Philosophical Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04egvf158"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332632","display_name":"California State University Long Beach","ror":"https://ror.org/0080fxk18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174028629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174028629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1151517161","https://openalex.org/W1513256853","https://openalex.org/W1571967338","https://openalex.org/W1975432398","https://openalex.org/W1978360534","https://openalex.org/W1988649847","https://openalex.org/W1988926708","https://openalex.org/W1992102586","https://openalex.org/W2000727201","https://openalex.org/W2003586495","https://openalex.org/W2006897913","https://openalex.org/W2024020258","https://openalex.org/W2043689162","https://openalex.org/W2049769897","https://openalex.org/W2055359990","https://openalex.org/W2062135762","https://openalex.org/W2062484735","https://openalex.org/W2082042376","https://openalex.org/W2086598536","https://openalex.org/W2102370669","https://openalex.org/W2131203423","https://openalex.org/W2131385352","https://openalex.org/W2134708834","https://openalex.org/W2141585954","https://openalex.org/W2153254077","https://openalex.org/W2162431749","https://openalex.org/W2189219007","https://openalex.org/W2276921262","https://openalex.org/W2341436715","https://openalex.org/W2407451985","https://openalex.org/W2488894043","https://openalex.org/W2578426738","https://openalex.org/W2728144728","https://openalex.org/W2735072423","https://openalex.org/W2780477857","https://openalex.org/W2803380893","https://openalex.org/W2805102404","https://openalex.org/W2883527599","https://openalex.org/W2894659687","https://openalex.org/W2894942807","https://openalex.org/W2904172222","https://openalex.org/W2904911238","https://openalex.org/W2909914704","https://openalex.org/W2910237538","https://openalex.org/W2911313539","https://openalex.org/W2938233625","https://openalex.org/W2948070487","https://openalex.org/W2949637464","https://openalex.org/W2953646614","https://openalex.org/W2958184065","https://openalex.org/W2977871016","https://openalex.org/W2978378826","https://openalex.org/W3004597368","https://openalex.org/W3023472457","https://openalex.org/W3032001386","https://openalex.org/W3109756409","https://openalex.org/W3142372839","https://openalex.org/W3162238371","https://openalex.org/W6687517329","https://openalex.org/W6738568500","https://openalex.org/W6758284827","https://openalex.org/W6765874009","https://openalex.org/W6776882538","https://openalex.org/W6998599279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3047066247","https://openalex.org/W2898739134","https://openalex.org/W2020323148","https://openalex.org/W4388050800","https://openalex.org/W1965139235","https://openalex.org/W3158949561","https://openalex.org/W1995871228","https://openalex.org/W2507064240","https://openalex.org/W2111956923","https://openalex.org/W2783167564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Submarine":[0],"groundwater":[1],"discharge":[2],"(SGD)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5,24],"important":[6,25],"component":[7],"of":[8,17,27,38,59,84,99,102,118,161,178,196],"many":[9,125],"coastal":[10,70],"environments":[11],"and":[12,22,47,78,132,157,169,188,202],"hydrologic":[13],"processes,":[14],"providing":[15],"sources":[16,101,136,199],"nutrients":[18],"to":[19,50,139,154],"marine":[20],"ecosystems,":[21],"potentially,":[23],"source":[26],"fresh":[28,103],"water":[29,135,198],"for":[30,182,200],"human":[31],"populations.":[32],"Here,":[33],"we":[34],"use":[35],"a":[36],"combination":[37],"unpiloted":[39],"aerial":[40],"systems":[41],"(UAS)":[42],"thermal":[43],"infrared":[44],"(TIR)":[45],"imaging":[46],"salinity":[48],"measurements":[49],"characterize":[51],"SGD":[52,120,186],"on":[53,75,93,112,129,166,192],"the":[54,82,94,130,155,162,176,193],"remote":[55],"East":[56],"Polynesian":[57],"island":[58,131,163],"Rapa":[60,76,113,150,204],"Nui":[61,77,114,151,205],"(Easter":[62],"Island,":[63],"Chile).":[64],"Previous":[65],"research":[66],"has":[67],"shown":[68],"that":[69,116,133,148],"freshwater":[71,171],"seeps":[72],"are":[73,122,137],"abundant":[74,168],"strongly":[79],"associated":[80,123],"with":[81,124],"locations":[83,111,117,187],"ancient":[85,126,149],"settlement":[86,127],"sites.":[87],"We":[88],"currently":[89],"lack,":[90],"however,":[91],"information":[92],"differential":[95],"magnitude":[96],"or":[97],"quality":[98],"these":[100,134,167,197],"water.":[104],"Our":[105,173],"UAS-based":[106,180],"TIR":[107,181],"results":[108,174],"from":[109],"four":[110],"suggest":[115],"variably-sized":[119],"plumes":[121],"sites":[128],"resilient":[138,170],"drought":[140],"events.":[141],"These":[142],"findings":[143],"support":[144],"previous":[145],"work":[146],"indicating":[147],"communities":[152],"responded":[153],"inherent":[156],"climate-induced":[158],"hydrological":[159],"challenges":[160],"by":[164],"focusing":[165],"sources.":[172],"highlight":[175],"efficacy":[177],"using":[179],"detecting":[183],"relatively":[184],"small":[185],"provide":[189],"key":[190],"insights":[191],"potential":[194],"uses":[195],"past":[201],"current":[203],"communities.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
