{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174293698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132457","title":"A Convolutional Neural Network Based on Grouping Structure for Scene Classification","display_name":"A Convolutional Neural Network Based on Grouping Structure for Scene Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174293698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132457","mag":"3174293698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132457","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2457/pdf?version=1624865081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2457/pdf?version=1624865081","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941388","display_name":"Xuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8031-4154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Laboratory 5, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory 5, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332498","display_name":"Zhijie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-5649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050357549","display_name":"Wanchang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-4628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wanchang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory 5, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory 5, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081505126","display_name":"Yaning Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2653-8920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaning Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Laboratory 5, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory 5, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102816110","display_name":"Chuanrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-5584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062718067","display_name":"Qiang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-4742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31595395","display_name":"Chengdu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05pejbw21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31595395"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31595395"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050357549"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7453,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86072508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2457","last_page":"2457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8928481340408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8234299421310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6655538082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6156108379364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6068463921546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.519067108631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5064800977706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4614506959915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44130077958106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39963772892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.05618932843208313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8928481340408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8234299421310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6655538082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6156108379364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6068463921546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.519067108631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5064800977706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4614506959915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44130077958106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39963772892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.05618932843208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132457","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2457/pdf?version=1624865081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:798550bb37614e16bc47ec59490abfb4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/798550bb37614e16bc47ec59490abfb4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2457 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2457/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 13; Pages: 2457","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132457","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2457/pdf?version=1624865081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174293698.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174293698.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W2054407194","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2141362318","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2154772499","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2411643563","https://openalex.org/W2516616494","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2550553598","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2746325398","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2789619030","https://openalex.org/W2803946774","https://openalex.org/W2890732922","https://openalex.org/W2895340641","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2966450079","https://openalex.org/W2997597702","https://openalex.org/W3004492228","https://openalex.org/W3012326541","https://openalex.org/W3023198497","https://openalex.org/W3033371105","https://openalex.org/W3033496625","https://openalex.org/W3035355219","https://openalex.org/W3035984349","https://openalex.org/W3040777427","https://openalex.org/W3042999524","https://openalex.org/W3044941129","https://openalex.org/W3046290480","https://openalex.org/W3056808037","https://openalex.org/W3095648847","https://openalex.org/W3096982790","https://openalex.org/W3109961563","https://openalex.org/W3118513496","https://openalex.org/W3118826611","https://openalex.org/W3123813572","https://openalex.org/W3133522500","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W2080152487","https://openalex.org/W3083152911","https://openalex.org/W1996690921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1,57,73,152,184],"network":[2,58,74,185,223],"(CNN)":[3],"is":[4,23,79,114],"capable":[5,80,97],"of":[6,46,52,81,85,92,98,121,147,167,195,204,214,220],"automatically":[7],"extracting":[8],"image":[9,19,230],"features":[10,45],"and":[11,26,61,89,137,173,178],"has":[12],"been":[13],"widely":[14],"used":[15],"in":[16,29,112,227],"remote":[17,228],"sensing":[18,229],"classifications.":[20,68,231],"Feature":[21],"extraction":[22],"an":[24],"important":[25],"difficult":[27],"problem":[28],"current":[30],"research.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33,148],"paper,":[34],"data":[35],"augmentation":[36],"for":[37,64,76,125],"avoiding":[38],"over":[39],"fitting":[40],"was":[41,87,106,159,170,187,224],"attempted":[42],"to":[43,48,116,143,190,208],"enrich":[44],"samples":[47],"improve":[49],"the":[50,83,90,119,130,134,145,154,163,192,202,205,212,218,221],"performance":[51],"a":[53,103,109,179],"newly":[54,149],"proposed":[55,150,222],"convolutional":[56,72,95,151,183],"with":[59],"UC-Merced":[60,138],"RSI-CB":[62,135],"datasets":[63],"remotely":[65],"sensed":[66],"scene":[67,215],"A":[69],"multiple":[70,94,180],"grouped":[71,181],"(MGCNN)":[75],"self-learning":[77],"that":[78,201],"promoting":[82],"efficiency":[84],"CNN":[86],"proposed,":[88],"method":[91],"grouping":[93,123,176],"layers":[96],"being":[99],"applied":[100],"elsewhere":[101],"as":[102],"plug-in":[104],"model":[105],"developed.":[107],"Meanwhile,":[108],"hyper-parameter":[110],"C":[111],"MGCNN":[113,158,209],"introduced":[115],"probe":[117],"into":[118,175],"influence":[120],"different":[122],"strategies":[124],"feature":[126],"extraction.":[127],"Experiments":[128],"on":[129],"two":[131],"selected":[132],"datasets,":[133],"dataset":[136],"dataset,":[139],"were":[140],"carried":[141],"out":[142],"verify":[144],"effectiveness":[146],"network,":[153],"accuracy":[155,213],"obtained":[156],"by":[157],"2%":[160],"higher":[161],"than":[162],"ResNet-50.":[164],"An":[165],"algorithm":[166],"attention":[168,182,206],"mechanism":[169,207],"thus":[171],"adopted":[172],"incorporated":[174],"processes":[177],"(MGCNN-A)":[186],"therefore":[188],"constructed":[189],"enhance":[191],"generalization":[193],"capability":[194],"MGCNN.":[196],"The":[197],"additional":[198],"experiments":[199],"indicate":[200],"incorporation":[203],"slightly":[210],"improved":[211],"classification,":[216],"but":[217],"robustness":[219],"enhanced":[225],"considerably":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-07-05T00:00:00"}
