{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174162783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132429","title":"Comparing Methods for Segmenting Supra-Glacial Lakes and Surface Features in the Mount Everest Region of the Himalayas Using Chinese GaoFen-3 SAR Images","display_name":"Comparing Methods for Segmenting Supra-Glacial Lakes and Surface Features in the Mount Everest Region of the Himalayas Using Chinese GaoFen-3 SAR Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174162783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132429","mag":"3174162783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2429/pdf?version=1624340297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2429/pdf?version=1624340297","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766597","display_name":"Fang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-7040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan Key Laboratory of Earth Observation, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan Key Laboratory of Earth Observation, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100766597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.3813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92769367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"2429","last_page":"2429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacial-period","display_name":"Glacial period","score":0.809604287147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacier","display_name":"Glacier","score":0.7720828652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6223818063735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.4929347038269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38087859749794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3332800269126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.2531934082508087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11124327778816223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15739521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602963","display_name":"Glacial period","level":2,"score":0.809604287147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100834320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666","display_name":"Glacier","level":2,"score":0.7720828652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6223818063735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.4929347038269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38087859749794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3332800269126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.2531934082508087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11124327778816223}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2429/pdf?version=1624340297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f828f7ce9f004c659a239cca2fbe7d5d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f828f7ce9f004c659a239cca2fbe7d5d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 13, p 2429 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/13/2429/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 13; Pages: 2429","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13132429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/13/2429/pdf?version=1624340297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3268357138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA19030101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7119508911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8653291675","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA19030101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174162783.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174162783.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541872020","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1961672453","https://openalex.org/W1966980409","https://openalex.org/W1967436512","https://openalex.org/W1978079414","https://openalex.org/W1978081629","https://openalex.org/W1981878534","https://openalex.org/W1982526103","https://openalex.org/W2004459073","https://openalex.org/W2007338973","https://openalex.org/W2010613594","https://openalex.org/W2024578125","https://openalex.org/W2034770444","https://openalex.org/W2038851050","https://openalex.org/W2065785581","https://openalex.org/W2078877578","https://openalex.org/W2084477822","https://openalex.org/W2085683568","https://openalex.org/W2086139388","https://openalex.org/W2088840575","https://openalex.org/W2094757617","https://openalex.org/W2094801462","https://openalex.org/W2095208500","https://openalex.org/W2101178628","https://openalex.org/W2102369545","https://openalex.org/W2106097225","https://openalex.org/W2115535975","https://openalex.org/W2123194201","https://openalex.org/W2137117880","https://openalex.org/W2138963913","https://openalex.org/W2142894544","https://openalex.org/W2143523928","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2164816089","https://openalex.org/W2234850500","https://openalex.org/W2283265276","https://openalex.org/W2292149690","https://openalex.org/W2345393156","https://openalex.org/W2398968891","https://openalex.org/W2467909254","https://openalex.org/W2526838437","https://openalex.org/W2550521585","https://openalex.org/W2557132287","https://openalex.org/W2559757886","https://openalex.org/W2590081250","https://openalex.org/W2604844733","https://openalex.org/W2617083732","https://openalex.org/W2622632592","https://openalex.org/W2698424090","https://openalex.org/W2733271701","https://openalex.org/W2733955274","https://openalex.org/W2742040830","https://openalex.org/W2744952291","https://openalex.org/W2765498694","https://openalex.org/W2767405965","https://openalex.org/W2789607755","https://openalex.org/W2797972929","https://openalex.org/W2810418258","https://openalex.org/W2891191426","https://openalex.org/W2895165409","https://openalex.org/W2921300998","https://openalex.org/W2945957599","https://openalex.org/W2965521953","https://openalex.org/W2986456964","https://openalex.org/W3000094388","https://openalex.org/W3016556611","https://openalex.org/W3023390435","https://openalex.org/W3036506870","https://openalex.org/W3045982802","https://openalex.org/W3087929000","https://openalex.org/W3090844588","https://openalex.org/W3091800860","https://openalex.org/W3106860957","https://openalex.org/W3113286765","https://openalex.org/W3118807321","https://openalex.org/W3119407390","https://openalex.org/W3176751376","https://openalex.org/W4210727842","https://openalex.org/W4234146734","https://openalex.org/W6673956462","https://openalex.org/W6704673012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986018081","https://openalex.org/W2388674160","https://openalex.org/W3085238735","https://openalex.org/W2375685322","https://openalex.org/W4353035475","https://openalex.org/W4292086290","https://openalex.org/W2811393347","https://openalex.org/W1996766450","https://openalex.org/W2112287197","https://openalex.org/W4240530522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glaciers":[0],"and":[1,33,43,65,76,84,108,110,132,135,164,170,177,184,208,248,252,255,262,281,286,303],"numerous":[2],"glacial":[3,174],"lakes":[4,20,49,58,240],"that":[5,228,269,330],"are":[6,11,89],"produced":[7],"by":[8,63,106],"glacier":[9,32,97,328],"melting":[10,24],"key":[12],"indicators":[13,91],"of":[14,30,47,96,117,122,194,205,213,238,243,278,296,306,327],"climate":[15],"change.":[16],"Often":[17],"overlooked,":[18],"supra-glacial":[19,73,82,239,264,279],"develop":[21],"in":[22,26,39,72,149,189,221,235,241,337],"the":[23,27,57,87,93,123,155,159,190,195,198,218,229,236,276,293,297,300,310,324],"area":[25],"low-lying":[28],"part":[29],"a":[31,210,319],"appear":[34],"to":[35,52,143,172,322],"be":[36,53,60,332],"highly":[37],"variable":[38],"their":[40,288],"size,":[41],"shape,":[42],"location.":[44],"The":[45,120,224],"lifespan":[46],"these":[48,307],"is":[50,103,111],"thought":[51],"quite":[54],"transient,":[55],"since":[56],"may":[59],"completely":[61],"filled":[62],"water":[64],"burst":[66],"out":[67],"within":[68],"several":[69],"weeks.":[70],"Changes":[71],"lake":[74,175],"outlines":[75,176],"other":[77,178],"surface":[78,179],"features":[79,180,308],"such":[80],"as":[81],"rivers":[83],"crevasses":[85,283],"on":[86,284,292],"glaciers":[88,148,311],"useful":[90,272],"for":[92,115,217,273,334],"direct":[94],"monitoring":[95,336],"changes.":[98],"Synthetic":[99],"aperture":[100],"radar":[101],"(SAR)":[102],"not":[104],"affected":[105],"weather":[107],"climate,":[109],"an":[112],"effective":[113],"tool":[114],"study":[116,317],"glaciated":[118],"areas.":[119],"development":[121],"Chinese":[124,185],"GaoFen-3":[125],"(GF-3)":[126],"SAR,":[127],"which":[128,202],"has":[129,139],"high":[130,211],"spatial":[131,301],"temporal":[133,304],"resolution":[134],"high-precision":[136],"observation":[137],"performance,":[138],"made":[140],"it":[141,270],"possible":[142],"obtain":[144],"dynamic":[145,335],"information":[146],"about":[147],"more":[150],"detail.":[151],"In":[152],"this":[153,222,316],"paper,":[154],"classical":[156],"Canny":[157],"operator,":[158],"variational":[160],"B-spline":[161],"level-set":[162],"method,":[163,201],"U-Net-based":[165,199,230],"deep-learning":[166,200,231],"model":[167,232],"were":[168,312],"applied":[169],"compared":[171],"extract":[173],"using":[181],"different":[182],"modes":[183],"GF-3":[186],"SAR":[187],"imagery":[188],"Mount":[191],"Everest":[192],"Region":[193],"Himalayas.":[196],"Particularly,":[197],"was":[203,215,256,271],"independent":[204],"auxiliary":[206],"data":[207],"had":[209],"degree":[212],"automation,":[214],"used":[216],"first":[219],"time":[220,294],"context.":[223],"experimental":[225],"results":[226],"showed":[227],"worked":[233],"best":[234],"segmentation":[237,253],"terms":[242],"accuracy":[244,326],"(Precision":[245],"=":[246,250],"98.45%":[247],"Recall":[249],"95.82%)":[251],"efficiency,":[254],"good":[257],"at":[258],"detecting":[259],"small,":[260],"elongated,":[261],"ice-covered":[263],"lakes.":[265],"We":[266],"also":[267],"found":[268],"accurately":[274],"identifying":[275],"location":[277],"streams":[280],"ice":[282],"glaciers,":[285],"quantifying":[287],"width.":[289],"Finally,":[290],"based":[291],"series":[295],"mapping":[298],"results,":[299],"characteristics":[302],"evolution":[305],"over":[309],"comprehensively":[313],"analyzed.":[314],"Overall,":[315],"presents":[318],"novel":[320],"approach":[321],"improve":[323],"detection":[325],"elements":[329],"could":[331],"leveraged":[333],"future":[338],"research.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}