{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177311024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122422","title":"A Case Study of the 3D Water Vapor Tomography Model Based on a Fast Voxel Traversal Algorithm for Ray Tracing","display_name":"A Case Study of the 3D Water Vapor Tomography Model Based on a Fast Voxel Traversal Algorithm for Ray Tracing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177311024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122422","mag":"3177311024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122422","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2422/pdf?version=1624495155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2422/pdf?version=1624495155","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101529871","display_name":"Heng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-0510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343939","display_name":"Min Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-9601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 200030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102230232","display_name":"Jiqin Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiqin Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Urban Meteorology, CMA, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, CMA, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638713","display_name":"Xin Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1580-0089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Meteorological Information Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Meteorological Information Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100857662","display_name":"Yunchang Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunchang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077307185","display_name":"Peng Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9452-407X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100638713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.2117,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96138002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2422","last_page":"2422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7834734916687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.5387855768203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.532055675983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.5119203329086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5046604871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.47119805216789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.4691789448261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.46792173385620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4669688045978546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44502684473991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.42097893357276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3782421946525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3507119119167328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33283984661102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2228792905807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.18834757804870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15952301025390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10498422384262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09442880749702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08569732308387756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7834734916687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.5387855768203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.532055675983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.5119203329086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5046604871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47119805216789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.4691789448261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.46792173385620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4669688045978546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44502684473991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.42097893357276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3782421946525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3507119119167328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33283984661102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2228792905807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.18834757804870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15952301025390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10498422384262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09442880749702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08569732308387756}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122422","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2422/pdf?version=1624495155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3445dfd2c2f4bd7b81db4ee34005cbc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3445dfd2c2f4bd7b81db4ee34005cbc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2422 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/12/2422/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2422","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122422","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2422/pdf?version=1624495155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321569","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3177311024.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3177311024.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532701078","https://openalex.org/W1982661771","https://openalex.org/W1984123740","https://openalex.org/W1986973695","https://openalex.org/W2006488704","https://openalex.org/W2024460390","https://openalex.org/W2025626286","https://openalex.org/W2040888059","https://openalex.org/W2041329681","https://openalex.org/W2043196815","https://openalex.org/W2051630260","https://openalex.org/W2057600146","https://openalex.org/W2060258034","https://openalex.org/W2062649567","https://openalex.org/W2063366503","https://openalex.org/W2068353266","https://openalex.org/W2073986617","https://openalex.org/W2086172660","https://openalex.org/W2086892817","https://openalex.org/W2090965227","https://openalex.org/W2102082999","https://openalex.org/W2110745288","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2130037047","https://openalex.org/W2163847452","https://openalex.org/W2351859480","https://openalex.org/W2373338382","https://openalex.org/W2484198857","https://openalex.org/W2512715031","https://openalex.org/W2562918333","https://openalex.org/W2781901994","https://openalex.org/W2790454017","https://openalex.org/W2948580462","https://openalex.org/W3005206217","https://openalex.org/W3005417347","https://openalex.org/W3037033521","https://openalex.org/W3047390090","https://openalex.org/W3047470666","https://openalex.org/W3090258379","https://openalex.org/W3119775091","https://openalex.org/W6631963404","https://openalex.org/W6656742344","https://openalex.org/W6666056772","https://openalex.org/W6705854014","https://openalex.org/W6763147559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015577955","https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W4387714868","https://openalex.org/W2071552392","https://openalex.org/W20579766","https://openalex.org/W2601478304"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"fast":[1],"voxel":[2],"traversal":[3],"algorithm":[4],"for":[5,138],"ray":[6],"tracing":[7],"was":[8,56],"applied":[9],"to":[10,58,94,102,116,145,187],"build":[11],"a":[12,111],"4":[13,15],"\u00d7":[14,16],"20":[17],"tomography":[18],"model":[19,192],"using":[20],"the":[21,67,76,92,95,103,107,120,123,129,135,146,149,158,167,171,184,188,191,198],"observation":[22],"data":[23],"of":[24,122,134,148,177,190],"11":[25],"ground-based":[26],"Global":[27,130],"Navigation":[28],"Satellite":[29],"System":[30,132],"(GNSS)":[31],"meteorology":[32],"(GNSS/MET)":[33],"stations":[34],"in":[35,154],"Hebei":[36],"Province,":[37],"China.":[38],"The":[39,70,98],"precipitation":[40],"water":[41,62,77],"vapor":[42,63,78],"(PWV)":[43],"observed":[44],"at":[45,170],"05":[46],"a.m.":[47],"(Universal":[48],"Time":[49],"Coordinated:":[50],"UTC)":[51],"on":[52,166],"10":[53],"December":[54],"2019,":[55],"used":[57],"reconstruct":[59],"three-dimensional":[60],"(3D)":[61],"density":[64,79],"fields":[65],"over":[66],"test":[68],"area.":[69],"tomographic":[71,150,159],"results":[72,121],"(GNSS_T)":[73],"show":[74],"that":[75],"above":[80],"this":[81],"area":[82],"is":[83,89,153,162,193],"mainly":[84],"below":[85],"25":[86],"g/m3":[87],"and":[88,204],"concentrated":[90],"between":[91,202],"first":[93,168],"fourth":[96],"layers.":[97],"vertical":[99],"distribution":[100,109],"conforms":[101],"exponential":[104],"characteristics,":[105],"while":[106],"horizontal":[108],"shows":[110],"decreasing":[112],"trend":[113],"from":[114,183],"southwest":[115],"northeast.":[117],"In":[118,180],"addition,":[119],"0.25\u00b0":[124],"grid":[125],"dataset":[126],"generated":[127],"by":[128],"Forecast":[131],"(GFS)":[133],"National":[136],"Center":[137],"Environmental":[139],"Forecasting":[140],"(NCEP)":[141],"(GFS_L)":[142],"were":[143],"interpolated":[144],"height":[147],"grid,":[151],"which":[152],"good":[155],"agreement":[156],"with":[157,173,197],"results.":[160],"GFS_L":[161,182],"larger":[163],"than":[164,195],"GNSS_T":[165],"floor":[169,186],"surface,":[172],"an":[174],"average":[175,199],"deviation":[176],"0.19":[178],"g/m3.":[179,206],"contrast,":[181],"second":[185],"top":[189],"smaller":[194],"GNSS_T,":[196],"deviations":[200],"distributed":[201],"\u22120.08":[203],"\u22120.15":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
