{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174199809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122353","title":"Spatial-Spectral Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification: A 3-D CNN and Bi-LSTM Framework","display_name":"Spatial-Spectral Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification: A 3-D CNN and Bi-LSTM Framework","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174199809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122353","mag":"3174199809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2353/pdf?version=1624003788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2353/pdf?version=1624003788","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061114386","display_name":"Junru Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-1140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junru Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011796188","display_name":"Changsheng Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116644719","display_name":"Qiqiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5965-7853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiqiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067097302","display_name":"Jiantao Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-2236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiantao Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061114386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.9092,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95631444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2353","last_page":"2353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8128523826599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7936406135559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.7160501480102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6819770932197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6584829092025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5980520248413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5905262231826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.41828426718711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4112909734249115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.21844854950904846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8128523826599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7936406135559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.7160501480102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6819770932197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6584829092025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5980520248413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5905262231826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.41828426718711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4112909734249115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.21844854950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2353/pdf?version=1624003788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a9e43df491fc473cbec9a5bbc721537c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a9e43df491fc473cbec9a5bbc721537c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2353 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/12/2353/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2353/pdf?version=1624003788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322874","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174199809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174199809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1596986901","https://openalex.org/W1843514792","https://openalex.org/W1973261010","https://openalex.org/W1974874858","https://openalex.org/W2005353255","https://openalex.org/W2012797058","https://openalex.org/W2037034832","https://openalex.org/W2045095960","https://openalex.org/W2057320569","https://openalex.org/W2067782748","https://openalex.org/W2068067793","https://openalex.org/W2069231830","https://openalex.org/W2078296814","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2107030918","https://openalex.org/W2114680940","https://openalex.org/W2117741752","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2158400785","https://openalex.org/W2168609725","https://openalex.org/W2407346711","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2516176725","https://openalex.org/W2518831014","https://openalex.org/W2602024454","https://openalex.org/W2613575128","https://openalex.org/W2743255627","https://openalex.org/W2761818166","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2765116324","https://openalex.org/W2767805377","https://openalex.org/W2786352274","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2806437580","https://openalex.org/W2885269107","https://openalex.org/W2894165434","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2937615289","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2965417721","https://openalex.org/W2966285417","https://openalex.org/W2980346149","https://openalex.org/W2989184171","https://openalex.org/W2991616716","https://openalex.org/W2997882134","https://openalex.org/W3034102302","https://openalex.org/W3043248362","https://openalex.org/W3047976660","https://openalex.org/W3083760513","https://openalex.org/W3091030342","https://openalex.org/W3100011500","https://openalex.org/W3103750833","https://openalex.org/W3108743714","https://openalex.org/W3133878118","https://openalex.org/W3134490757","https://openalex.org/W4226410245","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W6653770114","https://openalex.org/W6684610229","https://openalex.org/W6750035952","https://openalex.org/W6766850513","https://openalex.org/W6767041583","https://openalex.org/W6768771178","https://openalex.org/W6772257747","https://openalex.org/W6779177555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W3141979996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"deep":[1],"learning":[2],"methods":[3],"based":[4],"on":[5],"the":[6,24,27,33,64,79,84,89,95,110,118,131,138,154,157,171,174,180],"combination":[7],"of":[8,26,74,88,133,156,173],"spatial":[9,28],"and":[10,29,50,78,140],"spectral":[11,30,67,85,99],"features":[12,68],"have":[13],"been":[14],"successfully":[15],"applied":[16],"in":[17,108,122,127],"hyperspectral":[18],"image":[19],"(HSI)":[20],"classification.":[21,62,166],"To":[22,152],"improve":[23],"utilization":[25],"information":[31],"from":[32],"HSI,":[34],"this":[35,123],"paper":[36],"proposes":[37],"a":[38,43,51,72,105,144,149],"unified":[39,90,124,150],"network":[40,47,59,81,91],"framework":[41],"using":[42],"three-dimensional":[44],"convolutional":[45],"neural":[46],"(3-D":[48],"CNN)":[49],"band":[52],"grouping-based":[53],"bidirectional":[54],"long":[55],"short-term":[56],"memory":[57],"(Bi-LSTM)":[58],"for":[60,164],"HSI":[61,165,183],"In":[63],"framework,":[65,159],"extracting":[66],"is":[69,115,177],"regarded":[70],"as":[71,83,117],"procedure":[73],"processing":[75,109],"sequence":[76],"data,":[77],"Bi-LSTM":[80,139],"acts":[82],"feature":[86,120,135],"extractor":[87,121],"to":[92,129,147],"fully":[93],"exploit":[94],"close":[96],"relationships":[97],"between":[98],"bands.":[100],"The":[101,167],"3-D":[102,111,141],"CNN":[103,142],"has":[104],"unique":[106],"advantage":[107],"data;":[112],"therefore,":[113],"it":[114],"used":[116],"spatial-spectral":[119],"network.":[125,151],"Finally,":[126],"order":[128],"optimize":[130],"parameters":[132],"both":[134],"extractors":[136],"simultaneously,":[137],"share":[143],"loss":[145],"function":[146],"form":[148],"evaluate":[153],"performance":[155,172],"proposed":[158,175],"three":[160],"datasets":[161],"were":[162],"tested":[163],"results":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"that":[170],"method":[176],"better":[178],"than":[179],"current":[181],"state-of-the-art":[182],"classification":[184],"methods.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
