{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175876083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122350","title":"The Modified Normalized Urban Area Composite Index: A Satelliate-Derived High-Resolution Index for Extracting Urban Areas","display_name":"The Modified Normalized Urban Area Composite Index: A Satelliate-Derived High-Resolution Index for Extracting Urban Areas","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175876083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122350","mag":"3175876083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2350/pdf?version=1623927566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2350/pdf?version=1623927566","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100722250","display_name":"Feng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2686-2106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023828207","display_name":"Xiaoyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-8823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030265815","display_name":"Shunbao Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1392-2795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunbao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048711973","display_name":"Peng Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-3637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China","School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048711973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.642,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82740238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2350","last_page":"2350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impervious-surface","display_name":"Impervious surface","score":0.7710607647895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.6149367690086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sprawl","display_name":"Urban sprawl","score":0.5565052628517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5225505232810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.47942298650741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4308871328830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-area","display_name":"Urban area","score":0.41152051091194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.40976667404174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.32959040999412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3214966356754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21318086981773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09843826293945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.08818918466567993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2668921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434713","display_name":"Impervious surface","level":2,"score":0.7710607647895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.6149367690086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C487182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban sprawl","level":3,"score":0.5565052628517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5225505232810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.47942298650741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4308871328830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.41152051091194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40976667404174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.32959040999412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3214966356754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21318086981773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09843826293945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.08818918466567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2350/pdf?version=1623927566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30d0e533794642a2bf2c34fad3346eda","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30d0e533794642a2bf2c34fad3346eda","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2350 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/12/2350/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2350","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2350/pdf?version=1623927566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175876083.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175876083.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541771177","https://openalex.org/W1979513055","https://openalex.org/W1983078406","https://openalex.org/W1991995284","https://openalex.org/W2016943428","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2108020892","https://openalex.org/W2110533358","https://openalex.org/W2142487694","https://openalex.org/W2159380819","https://openalex.org/W2202474462","https://openalex.org/W2382753476","https://openalex.org/W2469180635","https://openalex.org/W2533834075","https://openalex.org/W2553937632","https://openalex.org/W2573866540","https://openalex.org/W2590347033","https://openalex.org/W2740094577","https://openalex.org/W2762827775","https://openalex.org/W2767309810","https://openalex.org/W2773452932","https://openalex.org/W2792752172","https://openalex.org/W2793327769","https://openalex.org/W2803102088","https://openalex.org/W2887434701","https://openalex.org/W2893373224","https://openalex.org/W2898280525","https://openalex.org/W2904632997","https://openalex.org/W2908573190","https://openalex.org/W2909403643","https://openalex.org/W2911965470","https://openalex.org/W2920246610","https://openalex.org/W2946143519","https://openalex.org/W2949334556","https://openalex.org/W2950498430","https://openalex.org/W2972028294","https://openalex.org/W2991069154","https://openalex.org/W2992349568","https://openalex.org/W3007552747","https://openalex.org/W3011301395","https://openalex.org/W3018920586","https://openalex.org/W3026942513","https://openalex.org/W3045910762","https://openalex.org/W3081126222","https://openalex.org/W6632615139","https://openalex.org/W6782161926","https://openalex.org/W6981722891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377822983","https://openalex.org/W3009416822","https://openalex.org/W36151423","https://openalex.org/W1690951327","https://openalex.org/W2740855303","https://openalex.org/W2297261251","https://openalex.org/W2054563345","https://openalex.org/W2289326657","https://openalex.org/W2896917111","https://openalex.org/W2617464586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,51],"accurate":[1],"and":[2,22,64,131,148,159,185,208,218,240],"efficient":[3],"extraction":[4],"of":[5,9,15,39,46,150,163,222,224,237],"urban":[6,16,35,73,81,151,169,238],"areas":[7,74,239,243],"is":[8,229],"great":[10],"significance":[11],"for":[12],"better":[13,179,245],"understanding":[14],"sprawl,":[17],"built":[18],"environment,":[19],"economic":[20],"activities,":[21],"population":[23],"distribution.":[24],"Night-Time":[25],"Light":[26],"(NTL)":[27],"data":[28],"have":[29],"been":[30],"widely":[31],"used":[32,70],"to":[33,71,168],"extract":[34],"areas.":[36,50],"However,":[37],"most":[38],"the":[40,57,65,85,95,110,121,132,145,155,161,164,176,186,193,199,205,235],"existing":[41,96],"NTL":[42,53,119,156,188],"indexes":[43],"are":[44],"incapable":[45],"identifying":[47],"non-luminous":[48,241],"built-up":[49,242],"high-resolution":[52],"imagery":[54],"derived":[55],"from":[56,116,127,172],"Luojia":[58,117],"1-01":[59,118],"satellite,":[60],"with":[61,214,244],"low":[62],"saturation":[63],"blooming":[66,157],"effect,":[67],"can":[68],"be":[69],"map":[72],"at":[75],"a":[76],"finer":[77],"scale.":[78],"A":[79],"new":[80],"spectral":[82],"index,":[83],"named":[84],"Modified":[86,133],"Normalized":[87,97,122,134],"Urban":[88,98],"Areas":[89,99],"Composite":[90,100],"Index":[91,101,113,125,137,189],"(MNUACI),":[92],"improved":[93,144],"upon":[94],"(NUACI),":[102],"was":[103],"proposed":[104],"in":[105,220],"this":[106],"study,":[107],"which":[108],"integrated":[109],"Human":[111],"Settlement":[112],"(HSI)":[114],"generated":[115],"data,":[120,175],"Difference":[123,135],"Vegetation":[124],"(NDVI)":[126],"Landsat":[128,173],"8":[129,174],"imagery,":[130],"Water":[136],"(MNDWI).":[138],"Our":[139],"results":[140],"indicated":[141],"that":[142,231],"MNUACI":[143,177,203,232],"spatial":[146],"variability":[147],"differentiation":[149],"components":[152],"by":[153],"eliminating":[154],"effect":[158],"increasing":[160],"variation":[162],"nighttime":[165],"luminosity.":[166],"Compared":[167],"area":[170],"classification":[171],"yielded":[178],"accuracy":[180],"than":[181],"NTL,":[182,215],"NUACI,":[183,216],"HSI,":[184,217],"EVI-Adjusted":[187],"(EANTLI)":[190],"alone.":[191],"Furthermore,":[192],"quadratic":[194],"polynomial":[195],"regression":[196],"analysis":[197],"showed":[198],"model":[200],"based":[201],"on":[202],"had":[204],"best":[206],"R2":[207],"Root-Mean":[209],"Square":[210],"Error":[211],"(RMSE)":[212],"compared":[213],"EANTLI":[219],"terms":[221],"estimation":[223],"impervious":[225],"surface":[226],"area.":[227],"It":[228],"concluded":[230],"could":[233],"improve":[234],"identification":[236],"accuracy.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-07-05T00:00:00"}