{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171918282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122331","title":"Identifying Leaf Phenology of Deciduous Broadleaf Forests from PhenoCam Images Using a Convolutional Neural Network Regression Method","display_name":"Identifying Leaf Phenology of Deciduous Broadleaf Forests from PhenoCam Images Using a Convolutional Neural Network Regression Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171918282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122331","mag":"3171918282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122331","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2331/pdf?version=1623664803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2331/pdf?version=1623664803","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067020094","display_name":"Mengying Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8852-3620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengying Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8852-3620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057519471","display_name":"Ying Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-021X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-021X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101541733","display_name":"Xin Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4141-1538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101651746","display_name":"Ziming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-2883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030654256","display_name":"Qinchuan Xin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-4874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinchuan Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057519471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.2771,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87525457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2331","last_page":"2331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenology","display_name":"Phenology","score":0.8645153045654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deciduous","display_name":"Deciduous","score":0.8059481382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5692760944366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5644124746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biosphere","display_name":"Biosphere","score":0.45391184091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4493109881877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.44227325916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.42593491077423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.28397566080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22620639204978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19319286942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17636340856552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07429471611976624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51417038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272737","display_name":"Phenology","level":2,"score":0.8645153045654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33283694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131316","display_name":"Deciduous","level":2,"score":0.8059481382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5692760944366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5644124746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107218244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42762","display_name":"Biosphere","level":2,"score":0.45391184091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4493109881877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44227325916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42593491077423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.28397566080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22620639204978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19319286942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17636340856552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07429471611976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122331","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2331/pdf?version=1623664803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:289bca85c0da4b228c80c4aeca001d6b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/289bca85c0da4b228c80c4aeca001d6b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2331 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/12/2331/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122331","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2331/pdf?version=1623664803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981101543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4916234390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41875122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8734422044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515011429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171918282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171918282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144153646","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1966772288","https://openalex.org/W1978461093","https://openalex.org/W2038927660","https://openalex.org/W2056447651","https://openalex.org/W2072093516","https://openalex.org/W2082263501","https://openalex.org/W2095342502","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099098700","https://openalex.org/W2115952782","https://openalex.org/W2125848133","https://openalex.org/W2126827475","https://openalex.org/W2155728864","https://openalex.org/W2172987137","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2251085987","https://openalex.org/W2301276657","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2752787107","https://openalex.org/W2793197903","https://openalex.org/W2794421859","https://openalex.org/W2796980406","https://openalex.org/W2886770683","https://openalex.org/W2899653842","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2955504495","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2982171921","https://openalex.org/W2987738648","https://openalex.org/W3003496990","https://openalex.org/W3011802690","https://openalex.org/W3013589844","https://openalex.org/W3024703279","https://openalex.org/W3027308461","https://openalex.org/W3054909038","https://openalex.org/W3088156705","https://openalex.org/W6769829189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W13275046","https://openalex.org/W2373524250","https://openalex.org/W4206027277","https://openalex.org/W2388003193","https://openalex.org/W2367450255","https://openalex.org/W1994760763","https://openalex.org/W2243549226","https://openalex.org/W2184048517","https://openalex.org/W3199074479","https://openalex.org/W2305289100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vegetation":[0],"phenology":[1,60,106,236],"plays":[2],"a":[3,36,55,120,128,140,230],"key":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,22,97,156,161,180],"influencing":[7],"ecosystem":[8],"processes":[9],"and":[10,31,43,139,165,175],"biosphere-atmosphere":[11],"feedbacks.":[12],"Digital":[13],"cameras":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16,203],"PhenoCam":[17,50,67,92,216,243],"that":[18,28,210,224],"monitor":[19],"vegetation":[20,47,87],"canopies":[21],"near":[23],"real-time":[24],"provide":[25],"continuous":[26],"images":[27,68,93,197,202,217],"record":[29],"phenological":[30],"environmental":[32],"changes.":[33],"There":[34],"is":[35,229],"need":[37],"to":[38,57,85,108,136,147,206,233],"develop":[39],"methods":[40,209],"for":[41,218],"automated":[42],"effective":[44],"detection":[45],"of":[46,61,122,125,134,145,195,215,237],"dynamics":[48],"from":[49,65,241],"images.":[51,244],"Here":[52],"we":[53,222],"developed":[54,152],"method":[56,151,228],"predict":[58,86],"leaf":[59,220,235],"deciduous":[62,238],"broadleaf":[63,239],"forests":[64,240],"individual":[66,242],"using":[69],"deep":[70,190,226],"learning":[71,227],"approaches.":[72],"We":[73],"tested":[74],"four":[75],"convolutional":[76],"neural":[77],"network":[78],"regression":[79],"(CNNR)":[80],"networks":[81,191],"on":[82,91,212],"their":[83],"ability":[84],"growing":[88],"dates":[89],"based":[90],"at":[94],"56":[95],"sites":[96],"North":[98],"America.":[99],"In":[100],"the":[101,104,110,116,157,162,166,181,189,193,200,207,225],"one-site":[102,163],"experiment,":[103,164],"predicted":[105],"dated":[107],"after":[109],"leaf-out":[111],"events":[112],"agree":[113],"well":[114],"with":[115,119],"observed":[117],"data,":[118],"coefficient":[121],"determination":[123],"(R2)":[124],"nearly":[126],"0.999,":[127],"root":[129],"mean":[130,141],"square":[131],"error":[132,143],"(RMSE)":[133],"up":[135,146],"3.7":[137],"days,":[138,174],"absolute":[142],"(MAE)":[144],"2.1":[148],"days.":[149],"The":[150,184],"achieved":[153,167],"lower":[154],"accuracies":[155],"all-site":[158,182],"experiment":[159],"than":[160,199],"R2":[168],"was":[169,172,177],"0.843,":[170],"RMSE":[171],"25.2":[173],"MAE":[176],"9.3":[178],"days":[179],"experiment.":[183],"model":[185],"accuracy":[186],"increased":[187],"when":[188],"used":[192],"region":[194],"interest":[196],"rather":[198],"entire":[201],"inputs.":[204],"Compared":[205],"existing":[208],"rely":[211],"time":[213],"series":[214],"studying":[219],"phenology,":[221],"found":[223],"feasible":[231],"solution":[232],"identify":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}