{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167360544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122275","title":"Regularized CNN Feature Hierarchy for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Regularized CNN Feature Hierarchy for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167360544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122275","mag":"3167360544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2275/pdf?version=1623323820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2275/pdf?version=1623323820","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044102676","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3320-2261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["IT","PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan","Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica-MIFT, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica-MIFT, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075175655","display_name":"Manuel Mazzara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-4948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Mazzara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, 420500 Innopolis, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, 420500 Innopolis, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022103201","display_name":"Salvatore Distefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-626X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Distefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica-MIFT, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica-MIFT, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044102676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.3659,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92882175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2275","last_page":"2275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9635999798774719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8590998649597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.775077223777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.6643085479736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6633998155593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6191587448120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6159292459487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5895499587059021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5049207806587219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41166627407073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36665284633636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1651633381843567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8590998649597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.775077223777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6643085479736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6633998155593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6191587448120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6159292459487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5895499587059021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5049207806587219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41166627407073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36665284633636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1651633381843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2275/pdf?version=1623323820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5a6e0fa02f62441da255993feda30326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5a6e0fa02f62441da255993feda30326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2275 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/12/2275/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2275","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2275/pdf?version=1623323820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167360544.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167360544.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2588726396","https://openalex.org/W2620547787","https://openalex.org/W2736941579","https://openalex.org/W2793941577","https://openalex.org/W2808098982","https://openalex.org/W2897722020","https://openalex.org/W2963366243","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2969011938","https://openalex.org/W3000090125","https://openalex.org/W3005184704","https://openalex.org/W3022592629","https://openalex.org/W3037490781","https://openalex.org/W3081355420","https://openalex.org/W3082072668","https://openalex.org/W3088984088","https://openalex.org/W3090223510","https://openalex.org/W3094904775","https://openalex.org/W3098587857","https://openalex.org/W3105357426","https://openalex.org/W3106290699","https://openalex.org/W3113187311","https://openalex.org/W3116673842","https://openalex.org/W3119459694","https://openalex.org/W3120367458","https://openalex.org/W3122459568","https://openalex.org/W3123961948","https://openalex.org/W3124251731","https://openalex.org/W3124384256","https://openalex.org/W3127023283","https://openalex.org/W3127249031","https://openalex.org/W3133744039","https://openalex.org/W3134136658","https://openalex.org/W3134698729","https://openalex.org/W3138472523","https://openalex.org/W3138725786","https://openalex.org/W3140223537","https://openalex.org/W3141732937","https://openalex.org/W3150820853","https://openalex.org/W3154830282","https://openalex.org/W3157032818","https://openalex.org/W3165362898","https://openalex.org/W6747806236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2019190440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(CNN)":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"rigorously":[6],"studied":[7],"for":[8,57,133],"Hyperspectral":[9,107],"Image":[10],"Classification":[11],"(HSIC)":[12],"and":[13,31,39,71,130,138],"are":[14,63,109],"known":[15],"to":[16,35,50,81,111,122],"be":[17],"effective":[18],"in":[19,91],"exploiting":[20],"joint":[21],"spatial-spectral":[22],"information":[23],"with":[24,126],"the":[25,36,52,68,113,123],"expense":[26],"of":[27,55,67],"lower":[28],"generalization":[29,53,93],"performance":[30,54,119],"learning":[32],"speed":[33],"due":[34],"hard":[37,69],"labels":[38,61,70],"non-uniform":[40],"distribution":[41,73],"over":[42,74],"labels.":[43,76],"Therefore,":[44],"this":[45],"paper":[46],"proposed":[47,78],"an":[48],"idea":[49],"enhance":[51],"CNN":[56,83],"HSIC":[58],"using":[59],"soft":[60],"that":[62],"a":[64],"weighted":[65],"average":[66],"uniform":[72],"ground":[75],"The":[77],"method":[79],"helps":[80],"prevent":[82],"from":[84],"becoming":[85],"over-confident.":[86],"We":[87],"empirically":[88],"show":[89],"that,":[90],"improving":[92],"performance,":[94],"regularization":[95],"also":[96],"improves":[97,102],"model":[98],"calibration,":[99],"which":[100,116],"significantly":[101],"beam-search.":[103],"Several":[104],"publicly":[105],"available":[106],"datasets":[108],"used":[110],"validate":[112],"experimental":[114],"evaluation,":[115],"reveals":[117],"improved":[118],"as":[120],"compared":[121],"state-of-the-art":[124],"models":[125],"overall":[127],"99.29%,":[128],"99.97%,":[129],"100.0%":[131],"accuracy":[132],"Indiana":[134],"Pines,":[135],"Pavia":[136],"University,":[137],"Salinas":[139],"dataset,":[140],"respectively.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}