{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171274686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217","title":"Physical Retrieval of Rain Rate from Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry","display_name":"Physical Retrieval of Rain Rate from Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171274686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217","mag":"3171274686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2217/pdf?version=1622889184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2217/pdf?version=1622889184","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048428034","display_name":"Wenyue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0548-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299204452","display_name":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0329s8h62","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299204452"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenyue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299204452","https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082279312","display_name":"Klemens Hocke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-9920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299204452","display_name":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0329s8h62","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299204452"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klemens Hocke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299204452","https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027439327","display_name":"Christian M\u00e4tzler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299204452","display_name":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0329s8h62","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299204452"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian M\u00e4tzler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299204452","https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048428034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535","https://openalex.org/I1299204452"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6907,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82723386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"2217","last_page":"2217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7266237735748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-rate","display_name":"Rain rate","score":0.7054857015609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.7036634087562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.624045193195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-gauge","display_name":"Rain gauge","score":0.6144893169403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-radiometer","display_name":"Microwave radiometer","score":0.5384016633033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5383824110031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5221548080444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opacity","display_name":"Opacity","score":0.4810509979724884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometry","display_name":"Radiometry","score":0.44243180751800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.360990047454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11700126528739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11007729172706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.08805418014526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.07894459366798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.0720868706703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.05611222982406616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7266237735748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983795465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7925","display_name":"Rain rate","level":3,"score":0.7054857015609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.7036634087562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.624045193195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.6144893169403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96960616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3814470","display_name":"Microwave radiometer","level":3,"score":0.5384016633033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5383824110031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5221548080444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60056205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914","display_name":"Opacity","level":2,"score":0.4810509979724884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.44243180751800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.360990047454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11700126528739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11007729172706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08805418014526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.07894459366798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0720868706703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.05611222982406616}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2217/pdf?version=1622889184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boris.unibe.ch:160058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/160058/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401086","display_name":"Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","host_organization_name":"University of Bern","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Wenyue; Hocke, Klemens; M\u00e4tzler, Christian (2021). Physical Retrieval of Rain Rate from Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry. Remote sensing, 13(11), p. 2217. MDPI 10.3390/rs13112217 &lt;http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217&gt;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:96abd3f911f2424f9a96483a895a8bc7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/96abd3f911f2424f9a96483a895a8bc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 2217 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/11/2217/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 2217","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2217/pdf?version=1622889184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2300736770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(CSC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6509580433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Switzerland","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310992","funder_display_name":"University of Bern"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8589651859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310992","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171274686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171274686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481040387","https://openalex.org/W1836200256","https://openalex.org/W1964850511","https://openalex.org/W1974477445","https://openalex.org/W1992929762","https://openalex.org/W1994761805","https://openalex.org/W2039287544","https://openalex.org/W2074195513","https://openalex.org/W2078040753","https://openalex.org/W2080627450","https://openalex.org/W2104322269","https://openalex.org/W2127037910","https://openalex.org/W2136275263","https://openalex.org/W2138409199","https://openalex.org/W2151975377","https://openalex.org/W2159567217","https://openalex.org/W2164245286","https://openalex.org/W2297420746","https://openalex.org/W2481744013","https://openalex.org/W2743796877","https://openalex.org/W2753293500","https://openalex.org/W2800558671","https://openalex.org/W2939964217","https://openalex.org/W2947569491","https://openalex.org/W2988750928","https://openalex.org/W2999151775","https://openalex.org/W3003295756","https://openalex.org/W3007697351","https://openalex.org/W3024707546","https://openalex.org/W3033062147","https://openalex.org/W3092004113","https://openalex.org/W6628582162","https://openalex.org/W6750798800","https://openalex.org/W6925983477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381259876","https://openalex.org/W2016007472","https://openalex.org/W2360231461","https://openalex.org/W2413930784","https://openalex.org/W2140108161","https://openalex.org/W2005776842","https://openalex.org/W2063863367","https://openalex.org/W2511456285","https://openalex.org/W751870123","https://openalex.org/W1586100812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Because":[0],"of":[1,63,164,207],"its":[2],"clear":[3],"physical":[4,6,41],"meaning,":[5],"methods":[7],"are":[8,23,31,120],"more":[9],"often":[10],"used":[11,25],"for":[12,26],"space-borne":[13],"microwave":[14,28,56],"radiometers":[15,29],"to":[16,34,46,74,101,158],"retrieve":[17,47],"the":[18,48,64,84,88,97,103,108,115,123,140,149,153,159,165,171,177,189,197,203],"rain":[19,49,85,98,104,116,126,130,166,181,191,198],"rate,":[20],"but":[21],"they":[22],"rarely":[24],"ground-based":[27,55],"that":[30,143],"very":[32],"sensitive":[33],"rainfall.":[35],"In":[36,169],"this":[37],"article,":[38],"an":[39],"opacity":[40,91],"retrieval":[42],"method":[43,155,173],"is":[44,194],"implemented":[45],"rate":[50,86,127,167,192],"(denoted":[51],"as":[52],"Opa-RR)":[53],"using":[54],"radiometer":[57,67],"data":[58,132,135],"(21.4":[59],"and":[60,87,112,133,139,147,162,186,188,202,209],"31.5":[61],"GHz)":[62],"tropospheric":[65],"water":[66],"(TROWARA)":[68],"at":[69,148,217],"Bern,":[70],"Switzerland":[71],"from":[72,129],"2005":[73],"2019.":[75],"The":[76,137],"Opa-RR":[77,154,172,216],"firstly":[78],"establishes":[79],"a":[80,220],"direct":[81],"connection":[82],"between":[83],"enhanced":[89],"atmospheric":[90],"during":[92,144],"rain,":[93],"then":[94],"iteratively":[95],"adjusts":[96],"effective":[99],"temperature":[100],"determine":[102],"opacity,":[105],"based":[106],"on":[107],"radiative":[109],"transfer":[110],"equation,":[111],"finally":[113],"estimates":[114],"rate.":[117],"These":[118],"estimations":[119],"compared":[121],"with":[122,196,214],"available":[124],"simultaneous":[125],"derived":[128],"gauge":[131,199],"reanalysis":[134],"(ERA5).":[136],"results":[138],"intercomparison":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"moderate":[145],"rains":[146],"31":[150],"GHz":[151],"channel,":[152],"was":[156],"close":[157],"actual":[160],"situation":[161],"capable":[163],"estimation.":[168],"addition,":[170],"can":[174],"well":[175],"derive":[176],"changes":[178],"in":[179],"cumulative":[180],"over":[182],"time":[183],"(day,":[184],"month,":[185],"year),":[187],"monthly":[190],"estimation":[193],"superior,":[195],"validated":[200],"R2":[201],"root-mean-square":[204],"error":[205],"value":[206],"0.77":[208],"22.46":[210],"mm/month,":[211],"respectively.":[212],"Compared":[213],"ERA5,":[215],"31GHz":[218],"achieves":[219],"competitive":[221],"performance.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
